拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生 / Ralph Waldo Emerson
The eye is the first circle; the horizon which it forms is the second; and throughout nature this primary figure is repeated without end. It is the highest emblem in the cipher of the world. St. Augustine described the nature of God as a circle whose centre was everywhere and its circumference nowhere. We are all our lifetime reading the copious sense of this first of forms. One moral we have already deduced in considering the circular or compensatory character of every human action. Another analogy we shall now trace, that every action admits of being outdone. Our life is an apprenticeship to the truth that around every circle another can be drawn; that there is no end in nature, but every end is a beginning; that there is always another dawn risen on mid-noon, and under every deep a lower deep opens.
This fact, as far as it symbolizes the moral fact of the Unattainable, the flying Perfect, around which the hands of man can never meet, at once the inspirer and the condemner of every success, may conveniently serve us to connect many illustrations of human power in every department.
There are no fixtures in nature. The universe is fluid and volatile. Permanence is but a word of degrees. Our globe seen by God is a transparent law, not a mass of facts. The law dissolves the fact and holds it fluid. Our culture is the predominance of an idea which draws after it this train of cities and institutions. Let us rise into another idea, they will disappear. The Greek sculpture is all melted away, as if it had been statues of ice; here and there a solitary figure of fragment remaining, as we see flecks and scraps of snow left in cold dells and mountain clefts in June and July. For the genius that created it creates now somewhat else. The Greek letters last a little longer, but are already passing under the same sentence and tumbling into the inevitable pit which the creation of new thought opens for all that is old. The new continents are built out of the ruins of an old planet; the new races fed out of the decomposition of the foregoing. New arts destroy the old. See the investment of capital in aqueducts made useless by hydraulics; fortifications, by gunpowder; roads and canals, by railways; sails, by steam; steam by electricity.
Each new step we take in thought reconciles twenty seemingly discordant facts, as expressions of one law. Aristotle and Plato are reckoned the respective heads of two schools. A wise man will see that Aristotle platonizes. By going one step farther back in thought, discordant opinions are reconciled by being seen to be two extremes of one principle, and we can never go so far back as to preclude a still higher vision.
Valor consists in the power of self-recovery, so that a man cannot have his flank turned, cannot be out-generalled, but put him where you will, he stands. This can only be by his preferring truth, to his past apprehension of truth, and his alert acceptance of it from whatever quarter; the intrepid conviction that his laws, his relations to society, his Christianity, his world, may at any time be superseded and decease.
Conversation is a game of circles. In conversation we pluck up the termini which bound the common of silence on every side. The parties are not to be judged by the spirit they partake and even express under this Pentecost. Tomorrow they will have receded from this high-water mark. Tomorrow you shall find them stooping under the old pack-saddles. Yet let us enjoy the cloven flame whilst it glows on our walls. When each new speaker strikes a new light, emancipates us from the oppression of the last speaker to oppress us with the greatness and exclusiveness of his own thought, then yields us to another redeemer, we seem to recover our rights, to become men. Oh, what truths profound and executable only in ages and orbs are supposed in the announcement of every truth! In common hours, society sits cold and statuesque. We all stand waiting, empty-knowing, possibly, that we can be full, surrounded by mighty symbols which are not symbols to us, but prose and trivial toys. Then come the god and converts the statues into fiery men, and by a flash of his eye burns up the veil which shrouded all things, and the meaning of the very furniture, of cup and saucer, of chair and clock and tester, is manifest. The facts which loomed so large in the fogs of yesterday—property, climate, breeding, personal beauty and the like, have strangely changed their proportions. All that we reckoned settled shakes and rattles; and literatures, cities, climates, religions, leave their foundations and dance before our eyes. And yet here again see the swift circumscription! Good as is discourse, silence is better, and shames it. The length of the discourse indicates the distance of thought betwixt the speaker and the hearer. If they were at a perfect understanding in any part, no words would be necessary thereon.
The difference between talents and character is adroitness to keep the old and trodden round, power and courage to make a new road to new and better goals. Character makes an overpowering present; a cheerful, determined hour, which fortifies all the company by making them see that much is possible and excellent that was not thought of. Character dulls the impression of particular events. When we see the conqueror we do not think much of any one battle or success. We see that we had exaggerated the difficulty. It was easy to him. The great man is not convulsible or tormentable; events pass over him without much impression. People say sometimes,“See what I have overcome; see how cheerful I am; see how completely I have triumphed over these black events.” Not if they still remind me of the black event. True conquest is the Causing the calamity to fade and disappear as an early cloud of insignificant result in a history so large and advancing.
The one thing which we seek with insatiable desire is to forget ourselves, to be surprised out of our propriety, to lose our sempiternal memory and to do something without knowing how or why; in short to draw a new circle. Nothing great was ever achieved without enthusiasm. The way of life is wonderful; it is by abandonment. The great moments of history are the facilities of performance through the strength of ideas, as the work of genius and religion. “A man.” said Cromwell, “never rises so high as when he knows not whither he is going.” Dreams and drunkenness, the use of opium and alcohol are the semblance and counterfeit of this oracular genius, and hence their dangerous attraction for men. For the like reason they ask the aid of wild passions, as in gaming and war, to ape in some manner these flames and generosities of the heart.
眼睛是第一个圆,眼前的地平线是第二个圆。这个原始的形状在自然界到处都是,没有止境。圆是一种最高形式的象征。圣·奥古斯丁把圆作为对上帝本质的描述,它有着无所不在的圆心,但是其圆周却无处寻觅。我们用一生的时间来研究这个最原始的图形有什么丰富内涵。在讨论人类每一个行为的循环及其补偿性时,我们从中探寻出了一种道德寓意。我们要研究的另一个类比是:没有什么行为不能够被超越。有这样一条真理贯穿在我们的生活当中,即:在任何一个圆的外围都可以画出另外一个圆;自然没有极限,每个终点都是一个新的起点;太阳爬到最高处时,总会有另一道曙光冉冉升起;深海处还有更深的海床。
这一事实象征着“无法触及”又不可捕捉、转眼即逝的“完美”,它促使成功,同时又宣告失败,从这一点来说,它可以帮助我们把人类在各个方面显示出来力量结合起来。
自然界的任何事物都不会是永恒不变的。宇宙是运动变化的。“永恒”只是一个表示不同程度的概念。在上帝的眼中,我们的星球是一则透明的法规,而不是事实的累积。事实因为融解在法规中而运转。我们的文化不过是一种占据支配地位的理念,它黏附着一系列城市和机构。只要我们的理念转变了,它们就会随之消亡。古希腊的雕刻早已不复存在,像冰雕消逝一样,只剩下一些零星孤独的碎片,好似六七月间阴谷的石缝中零零散散的残雪。开辟新事物的天才又创造了别的东西。希腊字母流传得久远一些,但也同样避免不了要遭受厄运,最终掉进新思想为所有的旧思想设置的不可逆转的深渊里。新大陆在这个古老星球的废墟上建立;新物种在前代腐化的尸体上孕育;新艺术占据了旧艺术的地位。人们原来发明的导管柱头,由于后来出现的液压传动而成为废品;防御工事在火药面前脆弱得不堪一击;铁路的发明让公路和运河相形见绌;蒸汽机取代了船帆;随即电动机又应时而生。
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我们在思想上每迈出新的一步,就可以调节许多看起来矛盾的事实,把它们作为同一个规律的不同表达方式来对待。亚里士多德和柏拉图被认为分别代表了两种不同的学派。可是聪明的人会发现,柏拉图的思想其实影响了亚里士多德。思想上再后退一步,不统一的观点就可以认为是同一个原则的两个极端。但不管退到什么地步都不可以否定:总有一个眼界会相对高一些。
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勇气在于有很强的自我重塑能力,只有这样,一个人才能永远立于不败之地,才能不受人摆布;不管你把他放在什么场合,他都有立足之地。要想做到这一点,他就必须选择真理,摒弃他对真理原有的理解,随时能够从不同的角度认识接受真理,而且要相信他的法律条文、他与社会之间的联系、他的宗教、他的世界随时都有可能被取代而消逝。
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交谈是一种圆的游戏。谈话时,我们拆除了阻止双方畅所欲言的“限定”。谈话者不会因为神情和态度受到责难,他们甚至可以在圣人的降临日大胆地表露自己心中真实的想法。翌日,很可能他们会从这高水位线上隐退,你会发现他们仍然苟且行驶在旧的驮鞍之下。当火舌触伸到我们的墙上时,我们还是享受这热度吧。当一个新的演说者燃起新的光芒,解救我们于上一个谈话人沉重、专横的思想压迫中,把我们交付给另外一个拯救者,我们似乎才又重新获得了自身的权利,变回了真正意义上的人。每条被昭示天下的深刻的真理,只有在一定的时间、一定的轨道上才能运行。
在平凡的日子里,社会端坐在那里,像雕木一样,而我们也是个个心平气和地奉候,心中感到十分空虚,或许也明白,一旦伟大的象征把我们包围起来,我们就会变得充实。只可惜对于我们来说,它们并没有什么象征的寓意,而是乏味、无关紧要的玩具罢了。接着,圣人降临了,他把木偶似的人们点化得大彻大悟,囊括万物的面纱在他闪电般的眼神中烧毁了。于是,家具、杯子和碟子、椅子、闹钟和华盖,所有这些事物的意义将拭目以待。昨天在暮霭笼罩下巨大的事实——财产、气候、繁殖、美貌等,其比例都奇妙地发生了变化。我们眼中稳固的东西在动摇。文学、城市、气候都从它们的根基处游离出来,在我们面前翩翩起舞。然而,我们又从这些现象中看到了局限。语言的表达是好的,但“沉默是金”。沉默会让言语感到惭愧。交谈时间的长短表明了倾听者和诉说者之间的思想距离。如果在任何时候双方都很默契,那么言语就根本是多余的。
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天才与杰出人物的区别在于,杰出人物灵活地保存了旧的、被人菲薄了的事物,同时又有能力开辟新的道路,朝新的、更远大的目标前进。杰出人物创造压倒一切的现在,一种愉快而坚定的时刻,他树立起坚定的信念展现给世人,他让他们看到,他们没有想过的很多很多事情其实都可以实现,而且可以做得很优秀。杰出人物让事件本身在人们的印象中淡化。当我们见到征服者时,他们创造的某次战役或胜利倒不会过多地在我们的头脑中想象。我们只知道,原来我们把困难夸大了。我们的困难对于伟人而言其实很容易。伟人是坚定不可动摇的。在他眼中,任何事情都是过眼烟云,不会留下什么不可磨灭的印象。有时候人们会说:“看,我已经克服了困难,瞧我多开心呀!我已经彻底战胜这些磨难了。”可是如果他们反复地对我说起那厄运,就说明他们还没有打败它。淡化磨难才是真正的胜利,并随之让它犹如飘渺的晨雾一样消失在无边无际、不断发展的历史中。
忘我的境界是我们不断追求的,走出自得其乐的圈子,失去恒久的记忆,全身心地投入做某件事情,简单地说来,就是重新画一个圆。没有做事时的狂热就不会有所成就。生活是精彩的,精彩来自于放弃。历史上的伟大时刻都是借助了强有力的思想得以展现的,比如天才和宗教工作。克伦威尔曾经说过:“当一个人不再受固于某个限定了的去向时,他就可以登峰造极。”也正因为这样,陶醉沉迷于鸦片和酒精等酷似神仙的感觉,才会对人们构成致命的诱惑。同样的道理,人们要把狂热融合在比赛和战争中,以此来模拟心灵的热烈与宽宏大量。
记忆填空
1. We are all our reading the copious sense of this first of forms. One moral we have already deduced considering the circular compensatory character of every human action. analogy we shall now trace, that every admits of being outdone.
2. Each new we take in thought reconciles twenty seemingly discordant , as expressions of one law. Aristotle and Plato are reckoned the respective heads of two . A wise man will that Aristotle platonizes.
3. The of life is wonderful; it is by abandonment. The great of history are the facilities of performance the strength of ideas, the work of genius and religion.
佳句翻译
1. 但不管退到什么地步都不可以否定:总有一个眼界会相对高一些。
2. 昨天在暮霭笼罩下巨大的事实——财产、气候、繁殖、美貌等,其比例都奇妙地发生了变化。
3. 当一个人不再受固于某个限定了的去向时,他就可以登峰造极。
短语应用
1. as if it had been statues of ice.
as if:犹如,好似
2. The parties are not to be judged by the spirit they partake.
be judged by:
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