[2]An old name for Beijing.
[3]Yan Xishan (1883-1960) was a Shanxi district warlord.
[4]Qin is a female character from Ba Jin's novel Family.
[5]Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
[6]instead of the more personable 'ni'
[7]Another name for Beijing, especially between 1928-1949
[8]Liang Qichao (1873-1929) was an influential journalist and leader of the failed Chinese reform movement of 1898.
[9]Part of an important slogan during the New Culture Movement.
[10]This system was called tonarihumi in Japanese. It was a system of surveillance and control of the Chinese population whereby crimes committed by one fam-ily in a group of ten would result in punishment for all ten families.This system has historical roots in China dating back to the Song dynasty.
[11]Suiyuan was a former Chinese province. In 1954 it was made part of the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region.
[12]"Heili" means "Black Jasmine" ; the "Dai" from "Daili" refers to an umber-black dye for painting the brow, hence Daili also means "Black Jasmine" .
[13]"Nanpo" means "Southern Slope" . However, written using different charac-ters, "Nanpo" could also mean "Difficult Slope" , hence the inauspiciousness of this name.
[14]"Kenanpo" means "Endurance Slope" .
[15]A character from the 1955 ballet The Red Detachment of Women—Hong Changqing was the commander of an all-female force.
[16]This is a reference to a poem by Li Bai, "Farewell to Uncle Yun at Xie-tiao Tower in Xuanzhou City" that goes, they drew a knife to cut the water, but the water just kept flowing. The sense is one of futility.
[17]This is one of the titles of Guan Yin Bodhisattva, the bodhisattva of compassion in Chinese Mahayana Buddhism.
[18]A Soviet Union model worker.
[19]This is a line from the famous Tang Dynasty poem "On a Gate Tower at Yu-zhou" by Cheng Zi'ang. I acknowledge Bynner for this excellent translation.
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