[2]For the PHP, see .
[258]"United Nations Peacekeeping Operations," United Nations Department of Public Information, DPI/1634 Rev. 99, August 2009, .
[375]"Statement on Improving European Military Capabilities," November 20, 2001, ; Patrick Uhe, Eine KSZE für Asien? Die Genese einer Idee und aktuelle Ausformungen sicherheitspolitischer Zusammenarbeit in einer konfliktreichen Region (Hamburg: LIT Verlag, 1996). 一些作者建议推广欧安会本身，而非其模式：Thomas M.Buchsbaum, "East Asian Security: Can the OSCE's Experience Be Helpful?" in OSCE Yearbook 2003, edited by Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy of University of Hamburg (Baden-Baden: Nomos, 2004), 349-63; Joachim Krause, "Die OSZE: Vorbild für Asien-Pazifik?" Internationale Politik 56, no.4 (2001): 37-44; and Thomas Cieslik, "Von den Sechs-Parteien-Verhandlungen zu einer ostasiatischen 'OSZE'?” Friedenswarte 81, nos.3-4 (2006): 81-99。
[428]See, e. g., Hassan Bin Talal, "Future Prospects for Security and Cooperation in the Middle East," RUSI Journal 142, no. 1 (1997): 1-4; Mohamed Kadry Said, "Potential Egyptian Contribution to a Security Framework in the Gulf," Middle East Policy 11, no. 3 (2004): 63-72; Ki-Joon Hong, The CSCE Security Regime Formation:An Asian Perspective (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1997); Dae Won Ohn, "EU and Korean Security: The CSCE Helsinki Model for North Korean Settlement," 2006, www. kimbriss. cafe24. com/97810504/19_3. pdf; Young Whan Khil and Kongdan Oh, "From Bilateralism to Multilateralism in Security Cooperation in the Asia-Pacific," Korea Observer 25, no. 3 (1994): 395-419.
[429]David Shambaugh, "China Engages Asia: Reshaping the Regional Order," International Security 29, no.3 (2004): 64-99.
[430]Geoffrey Kemp, "Cooperative Security in the Middle East," in Global Engagement: Cooperation and Security in the 21st Century, edited by Janne E.Nolan (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 1994), 391-418; Fulvio Attinà, "The Building of Regional Security Partnership and the Security-Culture Divide in the Mediterranean Region," in The Convergence of Civilizations:Constructing a Mediterranean Region, edited by Emanuel Adler et al. (hereafter Convergence of Civilizations) (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2006), 239-65.
[431]Michael Kraig, "Assessing Alternative Security Frameworks for the Persian Gulf," Middle East Policy 11, no.3 (2004): 139-56.
[432]Peter Jones, "Negotiating Regional Security and Arms Control in the Middle East: The ACRS Experience and Beyond," Journal of Strategic Studies 26, no.3 (2003): 137-54.
[433]1990年西班牙和意大利提出了一个“地中海安全和合作会议”的概念，除此之外，其他概念如西地中海“5＋5对话”、埃及提出的“地中海论坛”、欧盟委员会提出的“欧洲—地中海伙伴关系”等都是基于欧安会的理念。关于这些概念，参阅Sven Biscop, Euro—Mediterranean Security: A Search for Partnership (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2003), chap.2; and Richard Youngs, Europe and the Middle East: In the Shadow of September 11 (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2006), chap.4。
[434]1995年11月27～28日举行的欧洲—地中海会议采纳了《巴塞罗纳宣言》。
[435]Emanuel Adler and Beverly Crawford, "Normative Power: The European Practice of Region Building and the Case of the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership," in Convergence of Civilizations, 3-47.
[436]Bechir Chourou, "The (Ir)relevance of Security Issues in Euro-Mediterranean Relations," in The European Union as a Security Actor in the Mediterranean: ESDP, Soft Power and Peacemaking in Euro-Mediterranean Relations, edited by Fred Tanner (Zurich: Center for Security Studies, 2001), 57-74, at 72.
[437]Rosa Balfour, Rethinking the Euro—Mediterranean Political and Security Dialogue, Occasional Paper 52 (Paris: European Union Institute for Security Studies, 2004).
[438]Niklas Bremberg Heijl, "Between a Rock and a Hard Place: Euro-Mediterranean Security Revisited," Mediterranean Politics 12, no.1 (2007): 1-16; Mark A.Heller, "Prospects for Creating a Regional Security Structure in the Middle East," Journal of Strategic Studies 26, no.3 (2003):125-36.
[439]Roberto Aliboni and Fouad M.Ammor, Under the Shadow of "Barcelona": From the EMP to the Union for the Mediterranean, EuroMesco Paper 77 (Barcelona: Euro-Mediterranean Study Commission, 2009), www.euromesco.net/images/paper77eng.pdf; Fred Tanner, "Security Cooperation: A New Reform Orientation?" in The Euro-Mediterranean Partnership: Assessing the First Decade, edited by Haizam Amirah Fernández and Richard Youngs (Madrid: Real Instituto Elcano, 2005), 71-81.
[440]Communication from the Commission, "European Neighbourhood Policy: Strategy Paper," COM (2004)373 final, May 12, 2004.On the ENP, see Michael Emerson and Gergana Noutcheva, From Barcelona Process to Neighbourhood Policy: Assessments and Open Issues, CEPS Working Document 220 (Brussels: Centre for European Policy Studies, 2005); Stephen Jones and Michael Emerson, European Neighbourhood Policy in the Mashreq Countries: Enhancing Prospects for Reform, CEPS Working Document 229 (Brussels: Centre for European Policy Studies, 2005).
[441]Guoguang Wu and Helen Lansdowne, eds., China Turns to Multilateralism: Foreign Policy and Regional Security (London: Routledge, 2007); Emilian Kavalski, ed., China and the Global Politics of Regionalization (Farnham: Ashgate, 2009).
[442]关于这些问题的讨论，见Prem Mahadevan, "Maritime Insecurity in East-Asia," in Strategic Trends 2013: Key Developments in Global Affairs, edited by Oliver Thränert (Zurich: Center for Security Studies, 2013), 37-59。
[443]总体的情况可参见Nick Bisley, Building Asia's Security (London: International Institute for Strategic Studies, 2009)。
[444]Jürgen Haacke and Noel M.Morada, eds., Cooperative Security in the Asia—Pacific: The ASEAN Regional Forum (London: Routledge, 2009).
[445]Richard Stubbs, "ASEAN Plus Three: Emerging East Asian Regionalism?" Asian Survey 42, no.3 (2002): 440-55; Dirk Nabers, ed., Multilaterale Institutionen in Ostasien-Pazifik: Genese, Strukturen, Substanz, Perspektive (Wiesbaden: VS-Verlag, 2009).
[446]Amitav Acharya and Evelyn Goh, eds., Reassessing Security Cooperation in the Asia — Pacific:Competition, Congruence, and Transformation (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2007).
[447]Stephen Aris, "A New Model of Asian Regionalism: Does the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Have More Potential than ASEAN?" Cambridge Review of International Affairs 22, no.3 (2009):451-67.
[448]Amitav Acharya, "Europe and Asia: Reflections on a Tale of Two Regionalisms," in Regional Integration in East Asia and Europe: Convergence or Divergence? edited by Bertrand Fort and Douglas Webber (London: Routledge, 2006), 312-21.
[449]Samuel Sharpe, "An ASEAN Way to Security Cooperation in Southeast Asia?" Pacific Review 16, no.2 (2003): 231-50.
[450]Stephen M.Walt, The Origins of Alliances (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1987).
[451]State Department paper, undated, attached to memorandum from Acheson to Truman, March 9, 1950, in Foreign Relations of the United States (hereafter FRUS), 1950, edited by U.S.Department of State (Washington, D.C.: U.S.Government Printing Office, various years), vol.6, pt.1: 42-43.
[452]State Department Policy Statement on Thailand, October 15, 1950, in FRUS, 1950, vol.6, pt.1: 1529.
[453]Stanton to the State Department, March 15, 1951, in FRUS, 1951, vol.6, pt.2: 1598-1600.
[454]Daniel Fineman, A Special Relationship: The United States and Military Government in Thailand, 1947-1958 (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1997), 88-125.
[455]更全面的分析，见Robert J.McMahon, Cold War on the Periphery: The United States, India, and Pakistan (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994); and Dennis Kux, The United States and Pakistan, 1947 —2000: Disenchanted Allies (Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 2001)。
[456]U.S.Department of State Bulletin 30 (April 12, 1954): 539.
[457]Memorandum of conversation between Dulles and the foreign ministers of Australia and New Zealand, May 2, 1954, in FRUS, 1952-54, vol.12, pt.1: 439-42; memorandum of conversation between Eisenhower and Dulles, May 5, 1954, ibid., 446-50; JCS to Secretary of Defense Charles Wilson, ibid., April 9, 1954; ibid., 412-21; JCS to Dulles, March 12, 1954, in FRUS, 1952-54, 16: 472-75.
[458]Gary R.Hess, "The American Search for Stability in Southeast Aisa: The SEATO Structure of Containment," in The Great Powers in East Asia, 1953-1960, edited by Warren I.Cohen and Akira Iriye (New York: Columbia University Press, 1990), 272-95; Roger Dingman, "John Foster Dulles and the Creation of the South-East Asia Treaty Organization in 1954," International History Review 11 (August 1989): 457-77.
[459]Memorandum of conversation between Dulles, Radford, and others, May 9, 1954, in FRUS, 1952-54, 16: 463-65.
[460]Memorandum of conversation between Eisenhower, Dulles, and others, May 28, 1954, ibid., 521-22.
[461]Memorandum of discussion at NSC meeting, June 3, 1954, ibid., 534.
[462]NSC 5429, August 4, 1954, in FRUS, 1952-54, vol 12, pt.1, 698.
[463]Memorandum of discussion at NSC meeting, August 12, 1954, in FRUS, 1952-54, vol.12, pt.1: 731-32.
[464]Quoted by Hess, "American Search for Stability in Southeast Asia," 286.
[465]Nick Cullather, Illusions of Influence: The Political Economy of United States-Philippines Relations, 1942-1960 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1994), 124-48.
[466]Acheson to Truman, June 28, 1951, in FRUS, 1951, vol.6, pt.1, 1159-61; Acheson to Truman, August 29, 1951, ibid., 1300-1301.
[467]Michael Schaller, Altered States: The United States and Japan since the Occupation (New York:Oxford University Press, 1997), at 143.
[468]W.David McIntyre, Background to the ANZUS Pact: Policymaking, Strategy and Diplomacy, 1945-1955 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995); James Waite, "Contesting 'the Right of Decision': New Zealand, the Commonwealth, and the New Look," Diplomatic History 30 (November 2006): 893-96.
[469]Christopher J.Hemmer and Peter J.Katzenstein, "Why Is There No NATO in Asia: Collective I-dentity, Regionalism, and the Origins of Multilateralism," International Organization 56 (Summer 2002): 575-607.
[470]State Department-Joints Chiefs of Staff meeting, May 29, 1953, in FRUS, 1952-54, 15:1114-19; Edward C.Keefer, "President Dwight D.Eisenhower and the End of the Korean War," Diplomatic History 10 (Summer 1986): 282-89.
[471]Quoted by Saki Dockrill, Eisenhower's New-Look National Security Policy, 1953-1961 (Houndsmills, UK: Macmillan, 1996), 104.
[472]Dulles to Karl Rankin (U.S.ambassador in Taiwan), April 8, 1954, in FRUS, 1952-54, vol.14, pt.1, 407-08.
[473]Dulles to Acting Secretary of State W.Bedell Smith, September 4, 1954, ibid., 560
[474]Peoples' Daily, December 8, 1954.I am grateful to Bi Wenjuan for the translation.
[475]Nancy Bernkopf Tucker, "A House Divided: The United States, the Department of State and China," in The Great Powers in East Asia, editde by Cohen and Iriye, 45-48.
[476]Rusk to Kennedy, February 24, 1961, in FRUS, 1961-63, 23: 841; memorandum from Lucius Battle to McGeorge Bundy, July 13, 1961, ibid., 770-73; New York Times, May 11, 1961, 1, and May 13, 1961.
[477]State Department memorandum, February 26, 1962, in FRUS, 1961-63, 23: 915.
[478]Memorandum from Robert Johnson to Walt Rostow, June 26, 1961, in FRUS, 1961-63, 23:870; Rostow to Kennedy, October 2, 1961, ibid., 885-86.
[479]See, e.g., W.Scott Thompson, Unequal Partners: Philippine and Thai Relations with the United States, 1965-1975 (Lexington, MA: D.C.Heath, 1975); Robert M.Blackburn, Mercenaries and Lyndon Johnson's "More Flags": The Hiring of Korean, Filipino and Thai Soldiers in the Vietnam War (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 1994).
[480]New York Times, July 11, 1966; New York Times, April 26, 1965.
[481]Memorandum from Marshall Wright to Rostow, August 2, 1967, National Security File (NSF), Philippines, Memos (2), vol.1V, box 279, Lyndon B.Johnson (LBJ)Library, Austin.
[482]Hideki Kan, "The Japanese Government's Peace Efforts in the Vietnam War, 1965-1968," in The Search for Peace in Vietnam, 1964-1968, edited by Lloyd C.Gardner and Ted Gitinger (College Station: Texas A＆M University Press, 2004), 202-8, 224-26; Kil J.Yi, "The U.S.-Korean Alliance in the Vietnam War: The Years of Escalation, 1964-68," in International Perspectives on Vietnam, edited by Lloyd C.Gardner and Ted Gitinger (College Station: Texas A＆M University Press, 2000), 154-75.
[483]New York Times, September 15 and 16, 1966.
[484]Michael Leifer, ASEAN and the Security of South-East Asia (London: Routledge, 1989), 19-21.
[485]Wright to Rostow, August 2, 1967.
[486]New York Times, January 7 and April 6, 1968.
[487]New York Times, February 7, March 23, April 14, and May 8, 1968.
[488]Scope Paper for Thanom visit, May 1968, NSF, Thailand, PM Thanom Visit (1), box 285, LBJ Library; CIA intelligence information cable, December 4, 1968, ibid., box 284, LBJ Library.
[489]更全面的讨论，见McMahon, Cold War on the Periphery。
[490]Far Eastern Economic Review 73 (August 14, 1971): 14; Washington Post, May 5, 1972.
[491]Far Eastern Economic Review 72 (June 12, 1971): 28.
[492]当代中国丛书编辑部：《当代中国外交》，中国社会科学出版社，1998，第4页。
[493]Chen Jian, China's Road to the Korean War: The Making of the Sino-American Confrontation (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994), 93-113.
[494]裴坚章：《中华人民共和国外交史》 (第1卷)，世界知识出版社，1994，第41页。
[495]"Conversation between Stalin and Mao, Moscow, 16 December 1949," in "Stalin's Conversations with Chinese Leaders," edited by Chen Jian, Vojtech Mastny, Odd Arne Westad, and Vladislav M.Zubok, Cold War International History Project［CWIHP］Bulletin 6-7 (Winter 1995): 5-7.
[496]徐则浩：《王稼祥传》，当代中国出版社，1996，第482、492～493页。
[497]Viktor A.Zolotarev, ed., Rossiya (SSSR)v lokalnykh voinakh i voennykh konfliktakh vtoroi poloviny XX veka［Russia (USSR)in local wars and armed conflicts in the second half of the 20th century］ (Moscow: Kuchkogo Pole, 2000), 63.
[498]Zhang Shu Guang, Deterrence and Strategic Culture: Chinese-American Confrontations, 1959-1958 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1992), 73-77.
[499]O.Arne Westad, "Unwrapping the Stalin-Mao Talks: Setting the Record Straight," CWIHP Bulletin 6-7 (Winter 1995): 23.
[500]William Duiker, Communist Road to Power in Vietnam, 2nd ed. (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1996), 146; Mark A.Lawrence, Assuming the Burden (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005), 260; Chen Jian, Mao's China and the Cold War (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001), 120-23.
[501]Wu Xiuquan, Eight Years in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Memoirs of a Diplomat (Beijing: New World Press, 1985), 16-27；徐则浩：《王稼祥传》，第488、501页；裴坚章：《中华人民共和国外交史》 (第1卷)，第24、41页。
[502]Niu Jun, From Yan.an to the World: The Origins and development of Chinese Communist Foreign Policy (Norwalk, CT: EastBridge, 2005), 191-92.
[503]裴坚章：《中华人民共和国外交史》 (第1卷), 第17 ～18页。"Telegram, Mao Zedong to Liu Shaoqi, 18 December 1949," O.Arne Westad, ed., "Fighting for Friendship: Mao, Stalin, and the Sino-Soviet Treaty of 1950," CWIHP Bulletin 8-9 (Winter 1996): 226-27.
[504]裴坚章：《中华人民共和国外交史》 (第1卷)，第18页。
[505]师哲、李海文：《在历史巨人身边》，中央文献出版社，1998，第397页。
[506]"Treaty of Friendship, Alliance, and Mutual Assistance between the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China," February 14, 1950, in The People's Republic of China, 1949-1979: A Documentary Survey, volume 1, 1949-1957, edited by Harold C.Hinton (Wilmington, DE:Scholarly Resources, 1980), 123-26.
[507]Xinhua News Agency, China's Foreign Relations: A Chronology of Events, 1949-1988 (Beijing:Foreign Languages Press, 1989), 452.
[508]中华人民共和国外交部外交史研究室：《周恩来外交活动大事记1949～1975》，世界知识出版社，1993，第35页。
[509]Wu, Eight Years, 38；师哲、李海文：《在历史巨人身边》，第509页；裴坚章：《中华人民共和国外交史》 (第1卷)，第39页。
[510]裴坚章：《中华人民共和国外交史》 (第1卷)，第24～25页。
[511]Zolotarev, Rossiya, 62-66.
[512]Zolotarev, Rossiya, 63.
[513]Sergei Goncharenko, "Sino-Soviet Military Cooperation," in Brothers in Arms: The Rise and Fall of the Sino-Soviet Alliance, 1945-1963, edited by O.Add Westad (Washington, D.C.:Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1998), 160.
[514]Zhang, Deterrence and Strategic Culture, 88-101; O.Arne Westad, "Introduction," in Brothers in Arms, ed.Westad, 14.
[515]O.Arne Westad, "The Sino-Soviet Alliance and the United States," in Brothers in Arms, ed.Westad, 171.
[516]裴坚章：《中华人民共和国外交史》 (第1卷)，第41页。
[517]Ji Chaozhu, The Man on Mao's Right: From Harvard Yard to Tiananmen, My Life Inside China's Foreign Ministry (New York: Random House, 2008), 93.
[518]Westad, "Introduction," 13-14.
[519]Zhang Shu Guang, "Sino-Soviet Economic Cooperation," in Brothers in Arms, ed.Westad, 200-01; "Korean War: In the View of Cost-Effectiveness,"
[520]Zolotarev, Rossiya, 75.
[521]Zhang, Deterrence, 127-30.
[522]Westad, "Introduction," 14; Zhang, Deterrence, 130; Chen, Mao's China, 97.
[523]Westad, "Sino-Soviet Alliance," 172；刘英：《不寻常的大使：忆张闻天出使莫斯科》，载外交部外交史研究室编《当代中国使节外交生涯》 (第二辑), 世界知识出版社, 1995, 第12页。See also Chen, Mao's China, 107-12.
[524]"Conversation between Stalin and Zhou Enlai, 20 August 1952," "Conversation between Stalin and Zhou Enlai, 3 September 1952," and "Conversation between Stalin and Zhou Enlai, 19 September 1952," all in "Stalin's Conversations," ed.Chen, 9-20；中共中央文献研究室编《周恩来年谱：1949～1976》上卷，中央文献出版社，1997，第259页。
[525]John Gittings, Survey of the Sino-Soviet Dispute: a Commentary and Extracts from the Recent Polemics, 1963-1967 (London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1968), 19-20; Chen Jian and Yang Kuisong, "Chinese Politics and the Collapse of the Sino-Soviet Alliance," in Brothers in Arms, ed.Westad, 257.
[526]Goncharenko, "Sino-Soviet Military Cooperation," 145-46.
[527]刘英：《不寻常的大使：忆张闻天出使莫斯科》，第13页；ZELNP1, 289, 290.
[528]Ilya V.Gaiduk, Confronting Vietnam: Soviet Policy toward the Indochina Conflict, 1954-1963 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2003), 12-53; Chen Jian, "China and the Indochina Settlement at the Geneva Conference of 1954," in The First Vietnam War: Colonial Conflict and Cold War Crisis, edited by Mark Atwood Lawrence and Fredrik Logevall (Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press, 2007), 240-62.
[529]Gaiduk, Confronting Vietnam, 13; Chen, "China and the Indochina Settlement," 241.
[530]Gaiduk, Confronting Vietnam, 13, 15-16.
[531]Chen, "China and the Indochina Settlement," 242-44.
[532]Gaiduk, Confronting Vietnam, 18-19.
[533]Gaiduk, Confronting Vietnam, 22, 27; ZELNP1, 361; Chen, "China and the Indochina Settlement," 245.
[534]Chen, "Chinese Politics," 258；刘英：《不寻常的大使：忆张闻天出使莫斯科》，第13页。
[535]ZELNP1, 396-97.
[536]Chen, Mao's China, 143；关于印支的协议文本，见New York Times, July 22, 1954。
[537]New York Times, June 16, 1954.
[538]Westad, "Sino-Soviet Alliance," 173.
[539]Thomas E.Stolper, China, Taiwan, and the Offshore Islands: Together with an Implication for Outer Mongolia and Sino-Soviet Relations (Armonk, NY: M.E.Sharpe, 1985), 39-108.
[540]Chen, Mao's China, 167；王凡：《毛泽东帮了老蒋一把：林克谈炮击金、马的前前后后》，载王凡《知情者说：与历史关键人物的对话》，中国青年出版社，1995，第129 ～130页。
[541]Westad, "Introduction," 17-18.
[542]Stolper, China, 19.
[543]Han Suyin, Wind in the Tower: Mao Tsetung and the Chinese Revolution, 1949-1975 (London:Jonathan Cape, 1976), 114.
[544]Mao Zedong, "The Chinese People Cannot Be Cowed by the Atom Bomb," January 28, 1955, in Selected Works, by Mao Zedong, vol.5 (Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 1977), 152-53.
[545]John W.Lewis and Xue Litai, China Builds the Bomb (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1988), 36.
[546]Dimitrii T.Shepilov, Neprimknuvshii［Not Having Sided］ (Moscow: Vagryus, 2001), 381-82;Zhang, "Sino-Soviet Economic Cooperation," 206.
[547]Han, Wind in the Tower, 146-47.
[548]Lewis, China Builds the Bomb, 37-39.
[549]Lewis, China Builds the Bomb, 41.
[550]Zhang, "Sino-Soviet Economic Cooperation," 206-7.
[551]Xinhua, China's Foreign Relations, 456.
[552]ZELNP1, 457.
[553]Xinhua, China's Foreign Relations, 385; Goncharenko, "Sino-Soviet Military Cooperation," 157.
[554]Goncharenko, "Sino-Soviet Military Cooperation," 157; Zhang, "Sino-Soviet Economic Cooperation," 207.
[555]Lorenz Lüthi, The Sino-Soviet Split: Cold War in the Communist World (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2008), 74; Roderick MacFarquhar, The Origins of the Cultural Revolution, vol.2 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1983), 11-12.
[556]"Record of Conversation with the Ambassador of the PRC in the USSR Liu Xiao," August 8, 1957, Arkhiv Vneshnei Politiki Rossiiskoi Federatsii［Archive of Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation］ (hereafter AVPRF), fond (f.)0100, opis (op.)50, delo (d.)3, papka (p.)423, 37-38.
[557]刘晓：《出使苏联八年》，中共党史资料出版社，1998，第53页；李连庆：《冷暖岁月：一波三折的中苏关系》，世界知识出版社，1999，第320页。
[558]吴冷西：《十年论战：1956～1966中苏关系回忆录》，中央文献出版社，1999，第205～206页；王泰平：《中华人民共和国外交史》 (第2卷)，世界知识出版社，1998，第221页；傅振国：《昨天的秘密：空军地空导弹兵击落美U—2飞机纪实》，载尹其明《知情者说：历史关键人物留给后世的真相》，中国青年出版社，1998，第112～113页。
[559]Zhang, "Sino-Soviet Economic Cooperation," 207.
[560]傅振国：《昨天的秘密》，解放军文艺出版社，1990，第112页。
[561]ZELNP1, 145; "Letter 'Bushe' No.0/152/58," June 3, 1958, AVPRF, f.0100, op.51, d.1, p.431, 12-13; "Letter 'Bushe' No.0/162/58," June 10, 1958, AVPRF, f.0100, op.51, d.1, p.431, 17；傅振国：《昨天的秘密》，第113页； "Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the PRC to the Chargé d.Affaires," August 16, 1958, AVPRF, f.0100, op.51, d.1, p.431, 20-21。
[562]Westad, "Sino-Soviet Alliance," 173-74.
[563]Zhang, "Sino-Soviet Economic Cooperation," 200-01.
[564]Goncharenko, "Sino-Soviet Military Cooperation," 147.
[565]Westad, "Introduction," 16.
[566]傅振国：《昨天的秘密》，第112页。
[567]"Reception of the Ambassador of the PRC Liu Xiao," March 14, 1957, AVPRF, f.0100, op.50, d.3, p.423, 5.
[568]Han, Wind in the Tower, 144-45.
[569]Jürgen Domes, Peng Te-huai: The Man and the Image (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1985), 67.
[570]Goncharenko, "Sino-Soviet Military Cooperation," 145-46.
[571]王泰平：《中华人民共和国外交史》 (第2卷)，第214页；师哲、李海文：《在历史巨人身边》，第518～519页。
[572]Han, Wind in the Tower, 146-47.
[573]裴坚章：《中华人民共和国外交史》 (第1卷)，第35页。
[574]王泰平：《中华人民共和国外交史》 (第2卷)，第215页。
[575]刘晓：《出使苏联八年》，第8～13页。
[576]Goncharenko, "Sino-Soviet Military Cooperation," 155; "Letter 'Busu' 56 / No.068/ 025," January 14, 1956, AVPRF, f.0100, op.49, d.3, p.410, 8.
[577]"Ideas on National Defense Work," April 8, 1958, Jiangsu Sheng Dang.anguan［Jiangsu Provincial Archive; hereafter JSSDAG］, 3011, zhang 412, 1-3.
[578]丛进：《曲折发展的岁月》，河南人民出版社，1989，第286～288页。
[579]王焰：《彭德怀年谱》，人民出版社，1998，第684、687、688页。
[580]《毛泽东军事文集》 (第六卷), 军事科学出版社, 1993, 第375页。Mao Zedong, "Speech at the Group Leaders Forum of the Enlarged Conference of the Military Affairs Commission," June 28, 1958, Chinese Law and Government, 1/4, 15-22; PDHNP, 689.
[581]PDHNP, 691.
[582]李越然：《外交舞台上的新中国领袖》，解放军出版社, 1989, 第174～175页。See also Nikita S.Khrushchev, Khrushchev Remembers: The Glasnost Tapes (Boston: Little, Brown, 1990), 149-50.
[583]David Wolff, ed., "One Finger's Worth of Historical Events": New Russian and Chinese Evidence on the Sino-Soviet Alliance and Split, 1948-1959, CWIHP Working Paper 30 (Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, 2000), 55.
[584]刘晓：《出使苏联八年》，第71页；王泰平：《中华人民共和国外交史》 (第2卷)，第225页。
[585]PDHNP, 680.
[586]PDHNP, 680-81, 689；王泰平：《中华人民共和国外交史》 (第2卷)，第225页；Chen "Chinese Politics," 269。
[587]Philip Nash, Other Missiles of October (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997), 45-75.
[588]"Speech of the Head of the Soviet Delegation, N.S.Khrushchev, on the Conference of the Political Consultative Committee of the Warsaw Pact," May 24, 1958, Politisches Archiv des Auswärtigen Amtes, Bestand: Ministerium für Auswärtige Angelegenheiten［PAAA-MfAA］, Konferenzen und Verhandlungen mit DDR-Beteiligung, A 14702, 1349.
[589]Lüthi, Sino-Soviet Split, 91-92.
[590]Sergei Khrushchev, Nikita S.Khrushchev (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2000), 266-68.
[591]王泰平：《中华人民共和国外交史》 (第2卷)，第224页。
[592]PDHNP, 680-81.
[593]Mao Zedong, On Diplomacy (Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 1998), 480n174.
[594]王泰平：《中华人民共和国外交史》 (第2卷)，第224页。
[595]Chen, "Chinese Politics," 268.
[596]Mao, On Diplomacy, 480n177.
[597]Chen, "Chinese Politics," 269.
[598]MacFarquhar, Origins, vol.2, 94.
[599]吴冷西：《十年论战：1956～1966中苏关系回忆录》，第162～168页。
[600]Mao, On Diplomacy, 480n172.
[601]PDHNP, 695, 709; Nikita S.Khrushchev, Khrushchev Remembers (Boston: Little, Brown, 1970), 472; "Record of Conversation with the Minister for Foreign Relations of the PRC, Comrade Chen Yi," November 30, 1958, AVPRF, f.0100, op.51, d.6, p.432, 188-95.
[602]Chen, "Chinese Politics," 271.
[603]Nikita S.Khrushchev, Khrushchev Remembers: The Last Testament (Boston: Little, Brown, 1974), 261-62.
[604]Lüthi, Sino-Soviet Split, 95-99.
[605]刘晓：《出使苏联八年》，第86页；李连庆：《冷暖岁月：一波三折的中苏关系》，第297页；吴冷西：《十年论战：1956 ～1966中苏关系回忆录》，第186页。Interview with Yan Mingfu, Beijing, November 23, 2000.
[606]Goncharenko, "Sino-Soviet Military Cooperation," 158.
[607]Pravda, August 31, 1958.
[608]Andrei Gromyko, Memoirs (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1989), 251-52; mentioned in "Statements by Leaders of the PRC on Important Questions of Foreign Policy," December 9, 1960, AVPRF, f.0100, op.53, d.24, p.457, 235-42.
[609]"Telegram From the Embassy in the Soviet Union to the Department of State," November 1, 1958, in Foreign Relations of the United States, 1958-60, edited by U.S.Department of State (Washington, D.C.: U.S.Government Printing Office, various years), 19: 151.
[610]刘晓：《出使苏联八年》，第74～78页。For the exact date, see Survey of China Mainland Press (hereafter SCMP)1858: 49.
[611]Li Xiaobing, Chen Jian, and David Wilson, eds., "Mao Zedong's Handling of the Taiwan Straits Crisis of 1958: Chinese Recollections and Documents," CWIHP Bulletin 8-9 (Winter 1996):223n55；吴冷西：《十年论战：1956 ～1966中苏关系回忆录》，第187页；Khrushchev, Khrushchev Remembers, 261-62。
[612]《建国以来毛泽东文稿》 (第七卷)，中央文献出版社，1992，第449～450页。
[613]Lüthi, Sino-Soviet Split, 113.
[614]刘晓：《出使苏联八年》，第108～109页。
[615]刘晓：《出使苏联八年》，第108～111页。
[616]Goncharenko, "Sino-Soviet Military Cooperation," 157.
[617]1957年11月访问莫斯科时，毛泽东再次提出自己的这些观点，见Khrushchev, Khrushchev Remembers, 252-57; and M.N.Sladkovskii, O.B.Rakhmanin, G.V.Astafev, V.N.Glunin, V.A.Krivtsov, M.L.Titarenko, and K.K.Shirinya, eds., Ocherki istorii kommunisticheskoi partii Kitaya, 1921-1969［Essays on the history of the Communist Party of China, 1921-1969］ (Moscow: SSSR AN, Institut Dalnego Vostoka, 1971), 343。
[618]《毛泽东军事文集》 (第六卷), 第374页；Goncharenko, "Sino-Soviet Military Cooperation," 158.
[619]MacFarquhar, Origins, vol.2, 68, 70.
[620]This is mentioned in "Soviet-Chinese Relations (Reference)," February 13, 1961, AVPRF, f.0100, op.54, d.27, p.470, 6-42.
[621]Goncharenko, "Sino-Soviet Military Cooperation," 157-59.
[622]Zhang, "Sino-Soviet Economic Cooperation," 207.
[623]Khrushchev, Khrushchev Remembers, 466-71.
[624]Goncharenko, "Sino-Soviet Military Cooperation," 148-49, 158.
[625]Han, Wind in the Tower, 158；吴冷西：《十年论战：1956 ～1966中苏关系回忆录》，第205、206～208页。
[626]斯夫：《是朋友还是敌人：中共对赫鲁晓夫在中印关系上偏袒印度做法的态度》，载斯夫《知情者说：历史见证人留给后世的真相》，中国青年出版社，1999，第292页。
[627]Han Suyin, Eldest Son: Zhou Enlai and the Making of Modern China, 1898-1976 (London:Pimlico, 1994), 278.
[628]Aleksei A.Brezhnev, Kitai: Ternistyi put k dobrososedstvu — Vosponminaniya i razmyshleniya ［China: The thorny path to good neighborhood—Reminiscences and reflections］ (Moscow:Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya, 1998), 58-59.
[629]Current Background 773, 31; SCMP 3486: 32.
[630]Zhang, "Sino-Soviet Economic Cooperation," 211; ZELNP1, 231, 256, 267; "The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China," July 8, 1959, AVPRF, f.0100, op.52, d.3, p.442, 12; "Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the USSR to the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of the USSR," October 5, 1959, AVPRF, f.0100, op.52, d.2, p.442, 1-2.
[631]"Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China," January 16, 1960, AVPRF, f.0100, op.53, d.4, p.453, 8. "Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China," June 22, 1960, AVPRF, f.0100, op.53, d.4, p.453, 46-48.
[632]Lüthi, Sino-Soviet Split, 174-76.
[633]Mentioned in "Basic Events in Soviet-Chinese Relations in 1960," December 17, 1960, AVPRF, f.0100, op.53, d.24, p.457, 270.
[634]至于正在举行的老挝会议，几乎没有达成任何类似1954年日内瓦会议的合作，见Qiang Zhai, China and the Vietnam Wars, 1950 —1975 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000), 105 —07。
[635]ZELNP1, 389-90；刘晓：《出使苏联八年》，第129～130页。
[636]"To the Embassy of the USSR in the PRC," February 13, 1961, AVPRF, fond 0100, opis 54, delo 2, papka 466, 4-5; March 30 agreement mentioned in "[To the Embassy of the USSR in the PRC]," November 30, 1961, AVPRF, f.0100, op.54, d.2, p.466, 10.
[637]"[To the Embassy of the USSR in the PRC]," November 30, 1961, AVPRF, f.0100, op.54, d.2, p.466, 10-12.
[638]MacFarquhar, Origins, vol.2, 314, 316.
[639]Ilya V.Gaiduk, The Soviet Union and the Vietnam War (Chicago: Ivan R.Dee, 1996), 19-20.
[640]Lüthi, Sino-Soviet Split, 292-301.
[641]Lorenz Lüthi, "The Vietnam War and China's Third-Line Defense Planning before the Cultural Revolution, 1964-1966," Journal of Cold War Studies 10, no.1 (Winter 2008): 35-42; Brezhnev, Kitai, 104.
[642]See, e.g., "Note on a Talk of Jarck with Freybort," June 3, 1965, PAAA-MfAA, VSHauptstelle, G-A 331, 83.
[643]"Record of Conversation by Lapin with Zhou Enlai," May 15, 1965, AVPRF, f.0100, op.58, d.5, p.516, 191-227; Zhai, China, 165.
[644]On Article I of the treaty, see Hinton, People's Republic, vol.1, 123-24.
[645]1950年2月14日, 两国签署了这一30年联盟条约, 1950年4月11日条约生效, 条约文本规定如在期满前一年 (1979年4月11日)未有缔约国任何一方表示愿予废除则将自动延长。See "[No title]," June 5, 1979, SAPMO-BArch, DY 30/13931, 1; and "On the Annulment, "April 4［? ］, 1979, PAAA-MfAA, Abteilung Ferner Osten, C 6560, 71-73.
[646]王泰平：《中华人民共和国外交史》 (第2卷), 第277页。 "Chronicle of Soviet-Chinese Relations (from August 1st to 31st, 1966)," September 7, 1966, AVPRF, f.0100, op.59, d.16, p.526, 61; "[Note by MID USSR to the Embassy of the PRC]," August 26, 1966, AVPRF, f.100, op.53, d.1, p.223, 39-41; "Chronicle of Soviet-Chinese Relations for the Period from September 1st to 30th, 1966," October 19, 1966, AVPRF, f.0100, op.59, d.16, 108.
[647]"Inter-Governmental Relations of the PRC with the Soviet Union," November 11, 1966, AVPRF, f.0100, op.59, d.16, p.526, 116-25.
[648]Vladimir Semichastnyi, Bespokoinoe serdtse［Restless Heart］ (Moscow: Vagryus, 2002), 328;Sergey Radchenko, Two Suns in the Heavens: The Sino-Soviet Struggle for Supremacy, 1962-1967 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2009), 180-84.
[649]Lüthi, Sino-Soviet Split, 340-44.
[650]President Ho Chi Minh's Testament: Appeal and Last Tribute of the Central Committee of the Viet Nam Workers' Party (Hanoi: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1969), no page numbers.
[651]Lüthi, Sino-Soviet Split, 343.
[652]See, e.g., "Soviet-Chinese Relations (January-June 1966)," October 13, 1966, AVPRF, f.0100, op.59, d.16, p.526, 72; SCMP 3615: 33.
[653]As Zhou told Henry Kissinger later: "Memorandum of Conversation," June 19, 1972, Digital National Security Archive, VW00977, 6.
[654]张保军：《1969年前后党对外交战略的重大调整》，《中共党史研究》1996年第1期, 第63页；"On some questions of Soviet-Chinese relations," February 15, 1971, SAPMO-BArch, DY 30/3613, 178.
[655]Lorenz Lüthi, "Beyond Betrayal: Beijing, Moscow, and the Paris Negotiations, 1971-1973," Journal of Cold War Studies 11, no.1 (Winter 2009): 57-107.
[656]"Note," November 6, 1978, PAAA-MfAA, Abteilung Ferner Osten, C 5450, 63-67.
[657]Robert S.Ross, Negotiating Cooperation: The United States and China, 1969-1989 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1995), 120-62.
[658]本文的写作受惠于和沃伊切克·马斯特尼的大量通信。我感谢 Robert Art, Timothy Crawford, David Engerman, Gerald Easter, Priscilla Roberts, Robert Ross，孙学峰和匿名评审人对初稿提出的意见。所有错误由我负责。
[659]Zhang Shuguang, Deterrence and Strategic Culture: Chinese-American Confrontations, 1949-1958 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1992), 2; Allen S.Whiting, "China's Use of Force, 1950-96, and Taiwan," International Security, Vol.26, No.2 (Fall 2001), 103-31.
[660]Michael D.Swaine and Ashley J.Tellis, Interpreting China's Grand Strategy: Past, Present, and Future (Santa Monica, CA: Rand, 2000), 78, 92 —93; Wang Yuan —Kang, Harmony and War: Confucian Culture and Chinese Power Politics (New York: Columbia University Press, 2011), xiii.
[661]Thomas J.Christensen, "Windows and War: Trend Analysis and Beijing's Use of Force," in Alastair Iain Johnson and Robert S.Ross ed., New Directions in the Study of China's Foreign Policy (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2006), 50-85; M.Taylor Fravel, "Power Shifts and Escalation: Explaining China's Use of Force in Territorial Disputes," International Security, Vol.32, No.3 (Winter 2007/2008), 46-47.
[662]Thomas J.Christensen, Useful Adversaries: Grand Strategy, Domestic Mobilization, and Sino-American Conflict, 1947-1958 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1996), 6; Chen Jian, Mao's China and the Cold War (Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press, 2001), 14.
[663]Melvin Gurtov and Byong-Moo Hwang, China under Threat: The Politics of Strategy and Diplomacy (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980), 24.
[664]Chen Jian, China's Road to the Korean War: The Making of the Sino-American Confrontation (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994), 130, 213-14.
[665]Jonathan R.Adelman and Chih-Yu Shih, Symbolic War: The Chinese Use of Force 1840-1980 (Taipei: Institute of International Relations, 1993), 45.
[666]中共中央文献研究室、中国人民解放军军事科学院编《建国以来毛泽东军事文稿》，军事科学出版社、中央文献出版社，2010。
[667]Shen Zhihua and Li Danhui, After Leaning to One Side: China and Its Allies in the Cold War (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2011), 22-23, 28-31.
[668]有学者认为毛泽东不情愿支持金日成，参见Zhang Xiaoming, Red Wings over the Yalu: China, the Soviet Union, and the Air War in Korea (College Station: Texas A＆M University Press, 2002), 56-57。有学者认为毛泽东既有乐于支持金日成的一面，又有顾虑，参见 Chen, China's Road, 54-55, 89-90。有学者认为毛泽东乐于支持金日成，参见Vojtech Mastny, The Cold War and Soviet Insecurity: the Stalin Years (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), 90-95;Thomas J.Christensen, Worse than a Monolith: Alliance Politics and Problems of Coercive Diplomacy in Asia (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2011), 60-62。
[669]张震：《张震回忆录》 (上)，解放军出版社，2003，第391～392页。毛泽东请求苏联派空军支持进军西藏的计划未能得到斯大林的支持，参见《斯大林与毛泽东的谈话记录》 (1950年1月22日)，载《中国与苏联关系文献汇编 (1949年10月～1951年12月)》，世界知识出版社，2009。关于中苏谈判的细节，参见Shen and Li, After Leaning to One Side, 11-14。
[670]陈新明：《三八线的较量：朝鲜战争与中苏美互动关系》，国际文化出版公司，2000，第165页。
[671]李德、舒云编著《林彪日记》 (下册)，明镜出版社，2009，第675页。
[672]《史达林关于苏联向中国提供空军掩护等问题致罗申电》 (1950年7月13日)，载沈志华主编《朝鲜战争：俄国档案馆的解密文件》 (上册), (台湾)中研院近代史研究所，2004，第450页。
[673]《罗申转发毛泽东关于对中国提供空军掩护等问题致史达林电》 (1950年7月22日)，载《朝鲜战争：俄国档案馆的解密文件》 (中册)，第483页。
[674]毛泽东：《军委关于东北边防军月内完成一切作战准备给高岗的电报》 (1950年8月5日)，载《建国以来毛泽东文稿》第一册，中央文献出版社，1987，第454页。
[675]周恩来：《充分准备，出手即胜》 (1950年8月26日)，载《周恩来军事文选》第四卷，人民出版社，1997，第43～44页。
[676]袁伟主编《毛泽东军事活动纪事：一八九三——一九七六》，解放军出版社，1994，第841页。
[677]朝鲜首次提出希望中国介入发生在1950年10月1日，参见Christensen, Worse than a Monolith, 80-82。
[678]《关于朝鲜人民军作战方针的电报》 (1950年9月20日)，载《建国以来周恩来文稿》第三册，中央文献出版社，2008，第311～312页。
[679]邓华、洪学智、解方：《关于边防军作战准备问题给林彪的报告》 (1950年8月31日)，载《志愿军第一任参谋长解方将军》 (上)，军事科学出版社，1997，第95页。这份报告经毛泽东审阅。
[680]《什特科夫关于与金日成的会谈情况致葛罗米柯电》 (1950年9月30日)、《布尔加宁关于撤退朝鲜被围部队致马特维耶夫电》 (1950年10月2日)，载沈志华主编《朝鲜战争：俄国档案馆的解密文件 (中册)》，第562页、第575页。
[681]周恩来：《朝鲜军情甚为严重》 (1950年9月29日)，载《周恩来军事文选》第四卷，第58页。
[682]Kavalam M.Panikkar, In Two Chinas: Memoirs of a Diplomat (Westport, CT: Hyperion Press, 1981), 110.
[683]Harry S.Truman, Memoirs, Years of Trial and Hope, vol.2 (Garden City, NY, Doubleday, 1956), 362.
[684]"Weekly Summary Excerpt, 6 October 1950, Korea and Soviet Policy; Chinese Communist Problems," in Woodrow J.Kuhns, ed., Assessing the Soviet Threat: the Early Cold War Years (McLean, VA: Center for the Study of Intelligence, Central Intelligence Agency, 1997), 447.
[685]逄先知、金冲及主编《毛泽东传：1949～1976》 (上)，中央文献出版社，2003，第118页。
[686]雷英夫、陈先义：《统帅部参谋的追怀》，江苏文艺出版社，1993，第169 ～170页；雷英夫：《抗美援朝几个重大决策的回忆》 (续一)，《党的文献》1994年第1期，第27页。
[687]中共中央文献研究室编《周恩来年谱 (1949 ～1976)》 (上卷)，中央文献出版社，1997，第84页。
[688]《彭德怀自述》，人民出版社，1981，第257页。
[689]《史达林关于建议中国派部队援助朝鲜问题致罗申电》 (1950年10月1日)，载沈志华主编《朝鲜战争：俄国档案馆的解密文件》 (中册)，第571页。
[690]逄先知、金冲及主编《毛泽东传：1949～1976》 (上)，第114页。
[691]《罗申转呈毛泽东关于中国暂不出兵的意见》 (1950年10月3日)，载沈志华主编《朝鲜战争：俄国档案馆的解密文件》 (中册)，第576～577页。
[692]《罗申转呈毛泽东关于中国暂不出兵的意见》 (1950年10月3日)，载沈志华主编《朝鲜战争：俄国档案馆的解密文件》 (中册)，第576～577页。
[693]《史达林关于中国出兵问题致毛泽东电》 (1950年10月5日)，载沈志华主编《朝鲜战争：俄国档案馆的解密文件》 (中册)，第581页。
[694]Zhang Shuguang, Mao's Military Romanticism: China and the Korean War, 1950-1953 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1995), 86-94.
[695]Shen Zhihua and Yafeng Xia, "Mao Zedong's Erroneous Decision during the Korean War: China's Rejection of the UN Cease-fire Resolution in Early 1951," Asian Perspective, Vol.35, No.2 (April/June2011), 196.
[696]沈志华主编《中苏关系史纲》，社会科学文献出版社，2011，第130页。
[697]《葛罗米柯与王稼祥谈话情况的报告》 (1950年12月4日)，载《中国与苏联关系文献汇编 (1949年10月～1951年12月)》，第262页。
[698]Panikkar, In Two Chinas, 118.
[699]毛泽东：《关于我军必须越过三八线作战给彭德怀等的电报》 (1950年12月13日)，载《建国以来毛泽东文稿》第一册，第722页。
[700]毛泽东：《关于打好第三次战役和准备春季攻势给彭德怀的电报》 (1950年12月29日)，载《建国以来毛泽东文稿》第一册，第741页。
[701]《毛泽东关于朝鲜战况致斯大林电》 (1951年1月4日)，载沈志华主编《朝鲜战争：俄国档案馆的解密文件》 (中册)，第654页。
[702]王亚志：《忆聂帅二三事》，载周均伦等编《聂荣臻同志永远和我们在一起》，八一出版社， 1993，第420页。
[703]王亚志：《忆聂帅二三事》，载周均伦等编《聂荣臻同志永远和我们在一起》，第421页。另一个基于“纪实文学”的版本，可参见 Zhang, Mao's Military Romanticism, 134, note 33。
[704]Shen and Xia, "Mao Zedong," 205.
[705]《毛泽东关于下一步作战计划致史达林电》 (1951年1月15日)，载沈志华主编《朝鲜战争：俄国档案馆的解密文件》 (中册)，第663～664页。
[706]《毛泽东转彭德怀关于朝鲜作战问题电报致史达林电》 (1951年1月26日)，载沈志华主编《朝鲜战争：俄国档案馆的解密文件》 (中册)，第669页。
[707]黄克诚：《在中共湖南省委扩大会议上的报告》 (1951年2月)，载《黄克诚纪念文集》，湖南人民出版社，2002，第87～88页。
[708]Mastny, The Cold War, 122; Kathryn Weathersby, "Stalin, Mao, and the End of the Korean War," in Odd Arne Westad, Brothers in Arms: The Rise and Fall of the Sino-Soviet Alliance, 1945-1963 (Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1998), 109-10.
[709]参见沈志华主编《中苏关系史纲》，第128、129页。
[710]毛泽东：《在人民革命军事委员会第一次会议上的讲话》 (1949年10月20日)，载《建国以来毛泽东军事文稿》上卷，第38页。
[711]毛泽东：《对关于解决攻台问题的重要批语》 (1950年5月30日)，载《建国以来毛泽东军事文稿》上卷，第146页。
[712]张震：《张震回忆录》 (上)，第392页。
[713]更多讨论参见He Di, "The Last Campaign to Unify China: The CCP's Unrealized Plan to Liberate Taiwan, 1949-1950," in Mark A.Ryan, David M.Finkelstein, and Michael A.McDevitt, eds., Chinese Warfighting: The PLA Experience since 1949 (Armonk, NY: Sharpe, 2003), pp.78-84.
[714]毛泽东：《对暂时放弃攻打金门任务报告的批语》 (1950年11月11日)，载《建国以来毛泽东军事文稿》上卷，第344页。
[715]毛泽东：《关于加强华东军区领导和做好剿匪工作致陈毅、饶漱石的电报》 (1950年11月17日)，载中央档案馆编《共和国五十年珍贵档案》上册，中国档案出版社，1999，第124页。
[716]毛泽东：《关于东南沿海构筑工事问题的电报》 (1951年1月24日)，载《建国以来毛泽东文稿》第二册，第67～68页；王昊、王纪一：《开国上将叶飞》，中央文献出版社，2004，第408～409页。
[717]张胜：《从战争中走来的两代军人的对话》，中国青年出版社，2008，第160页；卢辉：《三军首战一江山》，解放军出版社，2004，第59页。
[718]毛泽东：《美蒋签订军事协调谅解协定值得注意》 (1953年10月11日)，载《建国以来毛泽东军事文稿》中卷，第178页。
[719]张胜：《从战争中走来的两代军人的对话》，第161～162页。
[720]宋连生、巩小华等《对峙五十年》，台海出版社，2000，第47～49页。
[721]张胜：《从战争中走来的两代军人的对话》，第162页；王焰主编《彭德怀年谱》，人民出版社，1998，第563～564页。
[722]王焰主编《彭德怀年谱》，第565页。
[723]Foreign Relations of the United States [FRUS], 1952-1954, vol.14 (Washington D.C.:U.S.Government Printing Office, 1985), pp.429, 433-34.
[724]毛泽东：《同一切愿意和平的国家团结合作》 (1954年7月7日)，载中共中央文献研究室编《毛泽东文集》第六卷，人民出版社，1999，第333～334页。
[725]Cold War International History Project [CWIHP] Bulletin, Vol.16 (2007/2008), pp.83-84.
[726]Chen, Mao's China, p.169, note 34; Christensen, Worse than a Monolith, p.140, note 85.
[727]M.Taylor Fravel, Strong Borders, Secure Nation: Cooperation and Conflicts in China's Territorial Disputes (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2008), pp.240-41.
[728]王海：《我的战斗生涯》，中央文献出版社，2000，第168～169页。
[729]毛泽东：《对粟裕关于舟山群岛南部海面发现美舰的处理报告的批语》 (1954年6月2日)，载《建国以来毛泽东文稿》第四册，第495页。
[730]王焰主编《彭德怀年谱》，第574页。
[731]FRUS, 1952-1954, vol.12, pp.752-55.
[732]FRUS, 1952-1954, vol.14, pp.542-43.
[733]王昊、王纪一：《开国上将叶飞》，第443页。
[734]中共中央文献研究室编《周恩来年谱 (1949～1976)》上卷，第421页。
[735]中国人民解放军历史资料丛书编审委员会编《海军 综述 大事记》，解放军出版社，2006，第295页。
[736]Michael A.Guhin, John Foster Dulles: A Statesman and His Times (New York: Columbia University Press, 1972), p.297; Robert L.Suettinger, "U.S. 'Management' of Three Taiwan Strait 'Crises'," in Michael D.Swaine and Zhang Tuosheng, eds., Managing Sino-American Crises:Case Studies and Analysis (Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2006), p.264.
[737]FRUS, 1952-1954, vol.14, pp.828-29.
[738]Robert H.Ferrell, ed., The Diary of James C.Hagerty: Eisenhower in Mid-course, 1954-1955 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1983), p.122.
[739]张胜：《从战争中走来的两代军人的对话》，第176页。
[740]张震：《关于造船问题的建议》 (1954年12月12日)，载《张震军事文选》上卷，解放军出版社，2005，第690页。
[741]黄银贵：《鏖战一江山》，载胡士弘主编《强攻一江山岛之战》，学林出版社，2005，第96～97页。
[742]聂凤智：《配合陆海军解放一江山岛》 (1990年9月)，载中国人民解放军历史资料丛书编审委员会编《空军 回忆史料》，解放军出版社，1992，第450页；张胜：《从战争中走来的两代军人的对话》，第189页。
[743]Paul Huth, Extended Deterrence and the Prevention of War (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1991), pp.104-5; Zhang, Deterrence and Strategic Culture, pp.220-24; Li Xiaobing, "PLA Attacks and Amphibious Operations During the Taiwan Strait Crises of 1954-55 and 1958," in Ryan et al., Chinese Warfighting, pp.157-58.
[744]Dwight D.Eisenhower, The White House Years: Mandate For Change, 1953-1956 (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1963), p.477.
[745]中共江苏省党史工作办公室编《粟裕年谱》，当代中国出版社，2006，第567、570 ～571、573页。另见Gordon Chang, "To the Nuclear Brink: Eisenhower, Dulles, and the Quemoy—Matsu Crisis," International Security, Vol.12, No.4 (Spring 1988), p.117。作者质疑了美国核威胁对中国决策的实际作用。
[746]FRUS, 1955-1957, vol.2, p.190.
[747]Eisenhower, White House Years, pp.460-61.
[748]李连庆：《大外交家周恩来第三部：万隆会议展雄才》，天地图书有限公司, 1997, 第130页；“Memorandum From the British Embassy at Washington to the Department of State," FRUS, 1955-1957, vol.2, p.157.
[749]关于英美在沿海岛屿问题上的争执，参见 Rosemary Foot, "Anglo-American Relations and China Policy," in Warren I.Cohen and Akira Iriye, eds., The Great Powers in East Asia, 1953-1960 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1990), pp.150-57。
[750]粟裕：《测绘工作对现代战争有重要意义》 (1955年2月12日)，载粟裕文选编辑组编《粟裕文选》第三卷，军事科学出版社，2004，第143页。1959年10月5日，毛泽东也谈了类似的观点，参见中共中央文献研究室编《毛泽东思想年编 (1921～1975)》，中央文献出版社，2011，第885～886页。
[751]毛泽东：《不承认“两个中国”》 (1955年3月5日)，载《建国以来毛泽东军事文稿》中卷，第260页。
[752]《参加亚非会议的方案 (节选)》 (1955年4月5日中央政治局会议批准)，案卷编号：207-Y0004，载中华人民共和国外交部档案馆编《中华人民共和国外交档案选编 (第二集) 1955年亚非会议》，世界知识出版社，2007，第42页。
[753]Xia Yafeng, Negotiating with the Enemy: U.S.-China Talks During the Cold War, 1949-72 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2006), pp.92-93.
[754]郑文翰：《秘书日记里的彭老总》，军事科学出版社，1998，第44 ～45页；王焰主编《彭德怀年谱》，第602～603、606～607页。
[755]Zhang, Deterrence and Strategic Culture, p.265; Xia, Negotiating with the Enemy, p.98; Sun Yi, "Militant Diplomacy: The Taiwan Strait Crises and Sino-American Relations, 1954-1958," in Kathryn C.Statler and Andrew L.Johns, eds., The Eisenhower Administration, the Third World, and the Globalization of the Cold War (Lanham, MD: Rowman ＆ Littlefield, 2006), pp.138-39; Fravel, Strong Borders, pp.242-43.
[756]Chen, Mao's China, p.180; Christensen, Useful Adversaries, chapter 6; Lorenz M.Lüthi, The Sino-Soviet Split: Cold War in the Communist World (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2008), p.81.
[757]Fravel, "Power Shifts and Escalation," p.62.
[758]强调为原作者所加，参见Lüthi, The Sino—Soviet Split, p.99。
[759]李德、舒云编著《林彪日记》 (下册)，第692～695页。
[760]《周恩来总理接见印度驻华大使尼赫鲁谈中美会谈、印支问题、西哈努克访华、印军领导人访华问题纪要》 (1956年3月1日下午4时至5时50分) (外交部档案馆105-00327-02)，第4～7页。
[761]中共中央文献研究室编《毛泽东思想形成与发展大事记》，中央文献出版社，2011，第637页。
[762]《周恩来总理接见印度驻华大使尼赫鲁谈朝鲜问题、日本问题、印支问题、中美会谈纪要》 (1956年5月31日) (外交部档案馆105-00327-04)，第5～8页。
[763]《周恩来总理接见印度驻华大使尼赫鲁谈缅甸形势、中尼直接建馆、中美会谈纪要》 (1956年6月14日下午2点30分) (外交部档案馆105-00327-05)，第10页。
[764]《建国以来重要文献选编》第八册，中央文献出版社，1994，第399页。
[765]曹聚仁，蒋介石之子蒋经国的密友，起了中间人的作用。1956年7月和10月，毛泽东和周恩来秘密会见了曹聚仁，并请他向台湾当局传话。参见纪明《毛泽东、周恩来为祖国统一与台湾当局的交往》，载许世铨编《台海风云录》，华艺出版社，1998，第149 ～150页；《毛泽东思想形成发展大事记》，第652页。
[766]刘武生、杜宏奇主编《周恩来军事活动纪事 (1918 ～1975)》下卷，中央文献出版社， 2000，第400页。
[767]纪明：《毛泽东、周恩来为祖国统一与台湾当局的交往》，第150页；中共中央文献研究室编《邓小平年谱 (1904～1974)》 (下)，中央文献出版社，2009，第1352页。
[768]刘武生、杜宏奇主编《周恩来军事活动纪事 (1918～1975)》下卷，第423页。
[769]《周恩来总理和尼赫鲁大使谈话》 (1957年6月13日)，载《周恩来总理同印度大使谈话记录及谈话纪要》 (外交部档案馆110-00713-02)，第1页。
[770]刘武生、杜宏奇主编《周恩来军事活动纪事 (1918～1975)》下卷，第433～434页。
[771]罗瑞卿：《工作要切实，头脑要清醒》 (1958年4月9日)，载《罗瑞卿论人民公安工作》，群众出版社，1994，第366页。
[772]Xia, Negotiating with the Enemy, pp.92, 96; Lüthi, The Sino-Soviet Split, p.97.
[773]Chen Xiaolu, "Chen Yi and China's Diplomacy," in Michael H.Hunt and Niu Jun eds., Toward a History of Chinese Communist Foreign Relations, 1920s-1960s (Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center Asia Program, 1992), pp.91-92.
[774]Chen Xiaolu, "Chen Yi and China's Diplomacy," in Michael H.Hunt and Niu Jun eds., Toward a History of Chinese Communist Foreign Relations, 1920s-1960s (Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center Asia Program, 1992), p.92.
[775]王焰主编《彭德怀年谱》，第692页；杨成武：《炮击金门》 (1991年9月)，载《总参谋部回忆史料 (1927～1987)》，解放军出版社，1995，第495页。
[776]毛泽东：《整台湾是整家法》 (1958年9月6日)，载《建国以来毛泽东军事文稿》中卷，第419页。
[777]Steven M.Goldstein, "Dialogue of the Deaf? The Sino-American Ambassadorial-Level Talks"， in Robert S.Ross and Jiang Changbin, eds., Re-examining the Cold War: U.S.-China Diplomacy, 1954-1973 (Cambridge, M.A.: Harvard University Press, 2001), p.221.
[778]郑文翰：《秘书日记里的彭老总》，第323～324页。
[779]杨成武：《炮击金门》，第501页。
[780]Robert Accinelli, "A Thorn in the Side of Peace: The Eisenhower Administration and the 1958 Offshore Islands Crisis," in Ross and Jiang, eds., Re-examining, pp.116-20.
[781]逄先知、金冲及主编《毛泽东传：1949～1976》，第864～865页。
[782]Xia, Negotiating with the Enemy, pp.100-2.
[783]Accinelli, "A Thorn in the Side of Peace," p.129.
[784]《周恩来年谱 (1949～1976)》中卷，第177～178页。
[785]毛泽东：《灵机应变主动在我》 (1958年10月5日)，载《建国以来毛泽东军事文稿》中卷，第436页。
[786]杨成武：《炮击金门》，第510页。
[787]杨一真：《中央布置进军西藏的历史片断》，载西藏自治区文史资料编辑部编《西藏文史资料Ⅲ》，民族出版社，2007，第542页。
[788]关于印度三次向中国提交的照会，参见中共昌都地委、昌都行政署编《昌都战役文献资料选编》，西藏人民出版社，2000，第260、262、267页。
[789]参见1951年5月24日中央人民政府与西藏地方政府签署的《和平解放西藏办法的协议》。
[790]《周恩来年谱 (1949～1976)》上卷，第141页。
[791]《章汉夫传》，世界知识出版社，2003，第294页。
[792]杨公素：《中国西藏地方的涉外问题》，中共西藏自治区党史资料征审委员会，1985，第52～53页。
[793]杨公素：《中国西藏地方的涉外问题》，中共西藏自治区党史资料征审委员会，1985，第52～53页。
[794]毛泽东：《要估计到达赖喇嘛可能不回国》 (1956年11月15日)，载中共中央文献研究室、中共西藏自治区委员会、中国藏学研究中心编《毛泽东西藏工作文选》，中央文献出版社、中国藏学出版社，2001，第152～153页。
[795]《周恩来达赖喇嘛的谈话记录》 (1956年12月30日)，载西藏自治区党史办公室编《周恩来与西藏》，中国藏学出版社，1998，第149～150页；李连庆：《大外交家周恩来第四部：鹏程万里行》，第203～204页。
[796]《周恩来达赖喇嘛的谈话记录》 (1956年12月30日)，《周恩来达赖喇嘛的谈话记录》 (1957年1月1日)，载《周恩来与西藏》，第150、153页。
[797]Tenzin Gyatso, Freedom in Exile: the Autobiography of the Dalai Lama (New York: Harper Collins, 1990), p.120.
[798]《周恩来达赖喇嘛的谈话记录》 (1957年1月1日)，载《周恩来与西藏》，第153页。
[799]李达南：《忆周总理与中印关系》，载田曾佩、王泰平主编《老外交官回忆周恩来》，世界知识出版社，1998，第181页。
[800]《周恩来与西藏》，第474 ～475页；赵慎应主编《中共西藏党史大事记》，西藏人民出版社，1995，第77页。
[801]《周恩来与西藏》，第477页。
[802]中国藏学研究中心主编《50年真相——西藏民主改革与达赖的流亡生涯》，人民出版社， 2009，第45页。
[803]《周恩来年谱 (1949～1976)》中卷，第211～212页。
[804]《王尚荣将军》，当代中国出版社，2000，第504～505页。
[805]吴冷西：《十年论战：1956～1966中苏关系回忆录》，中央文献出版社，1999，第198～199页。
[806]《张经武讲话记录》 (1959年4月29日)，载全国人民代表大会民族委员会编《第一届至第九届全国人民代表大会民族委员会文件资料汇编 (1954～2003)》上卷，中国民主法制出版社，2008，第188页。
[807]毛泽东：《对中印关系问题两个文件的批语和修改》 (1959年5月13日)，载《建国以来毛泽东文稿》第八册，第269页；徐焰：《中印边界之战历史真相》，天地图书有限公司， 1993，第67页。
[808]齐心整理《丁盛部队的西藏平叛作战》，载丁盛口述、金光谈话记录、余汝信整理编注《落难英雄：丁盛将军回忆录》，星克尔出版有限公司，2008，第299页。
[809]《王尚荣将军》，第411～412页。
[810]《周恩来总理和阿富汗副首相兼外交大臣纳伊姆谈话记录》 (1959年9月7日上午) (外交部档案馆105-00399-06)，第5～7页。
[811]毛泽东：《关于中印关系和达赖喇嘛回国问题》 (1959年10月6日)，载《毛泽东西藏工作文选》，第212页。
[812]《周恩来年谱 (1949～1976)》中卷，第274页。
[813]邱会作：《邱会作回忆录》 (上)，新世纪出版及传媒有限公司，2011，第253页。
[814]See Rajesh Rajagopalan, "Reexamining the 'Forward Policy'," in P.R.Kumaraswamy, ed., Security beyond Survival: Essays for K.Subrahmanyam (Thousand Oaks, C.A.: Sage Publications, 2004), p.122.
[815]《周恩来年谱 (1949～1976)》中卷，第302页。
[816]李连庆：《大外交家周恩来第四部：鹏程万里行》，第284～285页。
[817]《周恩来年谱 (1949～1976)》中卷，第312页。
[818]《周恩来年谱 (1949～1976)》中卷，第307页。
[819]李连庆：《大外交家周恩来第四部：鹏程万里行》，第284～285页、第292页。
[820]李连庆：《大外交家周恩来第四部：鹏程万里行》，第289～290页。
[821]李儒忠编写《周总理与少数民族》，新疆人民出版社，1987，第33页。
[822]《周恩来年谱 (1949～1976)》中卷，第311页。
[823]《周恩来与西藏》，第224页。
[824]《周恩来年谱 (1949～1976)》中卷，第322页。
[825]John W.Garver, The Protracted Contest: Sino-Indian Rivalry in the Twentieth Century (Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press, 2001), pp.60-61; John W.Garver, "China's Decision for War with India in 1962," in Johnson and Ross, eds., New Directions, p.87; Fravel, Strong Border, pp.183-97.
[826]降边嘉措：《班禅大师》，东方出版社，1989，第136页。
[827]《中央转发毛泽东主席关于西藏反动上层叛国问题的一些意见 (节录)》 (1959年3月12日)，载西藏自治区党史资料征集委员会、西藏军区党史资料征集领导小组编《平息西藏叛乱》 (内部本)，西藏人民出版社，1995，第81～82页；《50年真相》，第142页；《周恩来与西藏》，第198页。
[828]《平息西藏叛乱》 (内部本)，第398～399页。
[829]Pierre-Antoine Donnet, translated by Tica Broch, Tibet: Survival in Question (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1994), pp.69-70; Mary Craig, Tears of Blood: A Cry For Tibet (Counterpoint, New York: 1999), p.159.
[830]降边嘉措：《班禅大师》，第131 ～132页；南哲：《中外领袖之间》，红旗出版社，2003，第252～255页。
[831]Tsering Shakya, The Dragon in the Land of Snows: A History of Modern Tibet since 1947 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999), p.272.
[832]《周恩来与西藏》，第516页。
[833]顾永忠：《贺龙与共和国元帅》，人民出版社，2007，第275页。
[834]《毛泽东传1949～1976》，第1224～1225页；Garver, "China's Decision for War with India in 1962," p.112。
[835]降边嘉措：《班禅大师》，第132页；周恩来：《同班禅额尔德尼的谈话》 (1962年7月24日)，载中共中央文献研究室、中共西藏自治区委员会编《西藏工作文献选编 (一九四九——二〇〇五年)》，中央文献出版社，2005，第277～279页。
[836]降边嘉措：《班禅大师》，第136页。
[837]辛光武：《班禅传奇》，大风出版社，2008，第350页。
[838]降边嘉措：《班禅大师》，第138页；《周恩来年谱 (1949～1976)》中卷，第498页。
[839]顾永忠：《贺龙与共和国元帅》，第279页。
[840]雷英夫、陈先义：《统帅部参谋的追怀》，第223～224、226～227页。
[841]李德、舒云编著《林彪日记》 (下册)，第841页。
[842]王俊彦：《大外交家周恩来》，经济日报出版社，1998，第161页。
[843]顾永忠：《贺龙与共和国元帅》，第281～282页。
[844]《周总理接见缅甸驻华大使叫温谈话记录 (未经本人审阅)》 (1962年10月29日23时15分)，载《周恩来总理接见缅甸驻华大使叫温谈话记录》 (外交部档案馆105-01781-02)，第2～3页。
[845]军事科学院军事历史研究所编《人民解放军改革发展30年》，军事科学出版社，2008，第17～18页。
[846]新疆生产建设兵团党委：《邓小平同志与新疆生产建设兵团》，载中共中央文献研究室编《回忆邓小平》 (下)，中央文献出版社，1998，第461页。
[847]《罗瑞卿传》，当代中国出版社，2007，第236～237页。
[848]中国人民武警部队学院政治系历史教研室编《武警部队四十年 (1950～1990)》，群众出版社，1990，第225页，藏 China Documentation Center, Estelle and Melvin Gelman Library, George Washington University, Washington D.C., USA。
[849]刘少奇：《在中国科学院哲学社会科学学部委员会第四次扩大会议上的报告》 (1963年11月13日)，载《中国赫鲁晓夫刘少奇反革命修正主义言论集1958.6 ～1967.7》，人民出版社资料室，1967，第321页。
[850]毛泽东：《对新疆地区备战方案的批语》 (1964年4月9日)，载《建国以来毛泽东军事文稿》下卷，第220页。
[851]《周恩来年谱 (1949～1976)》中卷，第673页。
[852]邓礼峰主编《中华人民共和国军事史要》，军事科学出版社，2005，第473页。
[853]邓礼峰主编《中华人民共和国军事史要》，第473～474页；阎明：《往事不忍成历史：一个“四野”后代的亲历与见闻》，文化艺术出版社，2010，第116～118页。
[854]Minute, Zhou's Talk with Pham Van Dong, 29 April, 1968, in "77 Conversations between Chinese and Foreign Leaders on the Wars in Indochina, 1964-1977," CWIHP Working Paper, Vol.22 (1998), p.127.
[855]袁伟主编《毛泽东军事活动纪事：一八九三——一九七六》，第954页。
[856]韩怀智、谭旌樵主编《当代中国军队的军事工作》 (上)，中国社会科学出版社，1989，第637页。
[857]Yang Kuisong, "The Sino-Soviet Border Clash of 1969: From Zhenbao Island to Sino-American Rapprochement," Cold War History, Vol.1, No.1 (August 2000), p.30; Fravel, Strong Borders, pp.212-13.
[858]陈锡联：《陈锡联回忆录》，解放军出版社，2004，第442页。
[859]吴法宪：《岁月艰难：吴法宪回忆录》 (下卷)，北星出版社，2006，第757～758页。
[860]邓礼峰主编《中华人民共和国军事史要》，第475页。
[861]Chen, "Chen Yi and China's Diplomacy," pp.108-9.
[862]周均伦：《聂荣臻的非常之路》，人民出版社，2004，第208页。
[863]毛泽东在中央文革碰头会上的讲话，1969年2月19日，载Li Jie, "China's Domestic Politics and the Normalization of Sino — U.S.Relations, 1969 — 1979," in William C.Kirby, Robert S.Ross, and Gong Li, ed., Normalization of U.S. —China Relations: An International History (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005), p.59。
[864]李作鹏：《李作鹏回忆录》 (下)，北星出版社，2011，第638页。
[865]周均伦主编《聂荣臻年谱》下卷，人民出版社，1999，第1108～1109页；聂力：《山高水长：回忆父亲聂荣臻》，上海文艺出版社，2006，第346～347页。
[866]毛泽东：《在听取珍宝岛自卫反击战等情况时的汇报》 (1969年3月15日)，载《建国以来毛泽东军事文稿》下卷，第355～358页。
[867]李德、舒云编著《林彪日记》 (下册)，第1155页。
[868]高文谦：《晚年周恩来》，明镜出版社，2003，第401～402页。
[869]刘述卿：《片段回忆周总理》，载田曾佩、王泰平主编《老外交官回忆周恩来》，第277 ～278页。
[870]中华人民共和国外交部外交史研究室编《周恩来外交活动大事记：1949 ～1975》，世界知识出版社，1993，第538～539页。
[871]毛泽东对南京军区司令员许世友等的谈话，1969年9月19日晚，载陈晋《读毛泽东札记》，三联书店，2009，第185页。
[872]刘武生、杜宏奇主编《周恩来军事活动纪事 (1918 ～1975)》下卷，第699页；李德、舒云编著《林彪日记》 (下册)，第1168页。
[873]李德、舒云编著《林彪日记》 (下册)，第1168～1169页；阎明：《往事不忍成历史：一个“四野”后代的亲历与见闻》，第34～35页。
[874]张云生：《毛家湾纪实：林彪秘书回忆录》，春秋出版社，1988，第318～319页。
[875]不同观点参见 Thomas Robinson, "The Sino-Soviet Border Conflicts of 1969: New Evidence Three Decades Later," in Ryan, Finkelstein, and McDevitt, eds., Chinese Warfighting, p.214;Yang Kuisong and Xia Yafeng, "Vacillating between Revolution and Détente: Mao's Changing Psyche and Policy toward the United States, 1969-1976," Diplomatic History, Vol.34, No.2 (April 2010), p.397; Lorenz M.Lüthi, "Restoring Chaos to History: Sino-Soviet-American Relations, 1969," The China Quarterly, Vol.210 (June 2012), pp.378-397.
[876]关于中国对柬埔寨军援的详情，参见Letter, Teanh from the Kampuchean Embassy in China to Khieu and Tom, 12 June 1976, Archives of the Documentation Center of Cambodia, Document No.L01291; Minute of the Discussion of Chinese Team of Artillery Experts, 24 September, 1976, ibid., Document No.L01519。我感谢陆伯彬 (Robert Ross)向我提供了这些文件。
[877]Minute, Deng's Talk with Le Duan, 22 and 29 September 1975, 77 Conversations, pp.192 —93；王泰平主编《中华人民共和国外交史1970～1978》第三卷，世界知识出版社，1999，第62～63页。
[878]李先念：《关于改变对越南援助问题给邓小平的信》 (1975年8月3日)，载《建国以来李先念文稿》第三册，中央文献出版社，2011，第333页。
[879]Nguyen Van Canh, Vietnam under Communism, 1975-1982 (Stanford, C.A.: Hoover Institution Press, 1983), p.227; Stephen J.Morris, Why Vietnam Invaded Cambodia: Political Culture and the Causes of War (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1999), p.209.
[880]郭明主编《中越关系演变四十年》，广西人民出版社, 1992, 第165页；Thu-Hong Nguyen-Vo, Khmer-Viet Relations and the Third Indochina Conflict (Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland, 1992), p.89.
[881]Zhang Xiaoming, "Deng Xiaoping and China's Decision to Go to War with Vietnam," Journal of Cold War Studies, Vol.12, No.3 (Summer 2010), p.9.
[882]邓力群自述：《十二个春秋：一九七五——一九八七》，博智出版社，2006，第90页。
[883]王泰平主编《中华人民共和国外交史1970～1978》第三卷，第64～65页。
[884]中国人民解放军军事科学院编《叶剑英年谱》 (下)，中央文献出版社，2007，第1126 ～1127页。
[885]Philip Short, Pol Pot: Anatomy of a Nightmare (New York: Henry Holt, 2005), p.376;Christoper E.Goscha, "Vietnam, the Third Indochina War and the Meltdown of Asian Internationalism," in Odd Arne Westad and Sophie Quinn-Judge, eds., The Third Indochina War: Conflict between China, Vietnam and Cambodia, 1972-79 (London and New York: Routledge, 2006), p.174.
[886]郭明主编《中越关系演变四十年》，第161页；Prince Norodom Sihanouk, translated by Mary Feeney, War and Hope: the Case for Cambodia (New York: Pantheon Books, 1980), p.75.
[887]Eero Palmujoki, Vietnam and the World: Marxist-Leninist Doctrine and the Changes in International Relations, 1975-93 (New York: St.Martin's Press, 1997), p.97.
[888]《战友相会分外亲——记邓颖超副委员长在民主柬埔寨的友好访问》，《解放军报》1978年1月26日，第4版。
[889]Renmin Ribao Commentator, "Who is the Instigator," in On Vietnam's Expulsion of Chinese Residents (Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 1978), pp.131, 137.
[890]《李先念年谱》第五卷，中央文献出版社，2011，第618～620页。
[891]Morris, Why Vietnam Invaded Cambodia, p.108.
[892]Editorial of Nhan Dan, "The Strength of the Vietnamese People," June 19, 1978, in The Hoa in Vietnam Dossier, Documents of Vietnam Courier (Hanoi: Foreign Language Publishing House, 1978), p.102.
[893]王泰平主编《中华人民共和国外交史1970～1978》第三卷，第80页。
[894]Morris, Why Vietnam Invaded Cambodia, pp.108-9.
[895]周德礼：《一个高级参谋长的自述》，南京出版社，1992，第239～242页。
[896]"Statement by Chung Hui-tung, Leader of the Chinese Government Delegation, at the Seventh Session of the Sino-Vietnamese Talks," 19 September 1978, On Vietnam's Expulsion of Chinese Residents (Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 1978), p.105.
[897]Truong Chinh, On Kampuchea (Hanoi: Foreign Language Publishing House, 1980), p.13.
[898]Short, Pol Pot, pp.391-92.
[899]王泰平主编《中华人民共和国外交史1970～1978》第三卷，第236页。
[900]阮铭：《历史转折点上的胡耀邦》，八方文化企业公司，1991，第79页。
[901]William J.Duiker, Vietnam since the Fall of Saigon (Athens: Ohio University Center for International Studies, 1989), pp.183-84.
[902]《张震回忆录》 (下)，第165～166页；周德礼：《许世友的最后一战》，江苏人民出版社， 1990，第39页。
[903]《热烈庆祝广西壮族自治区成立二十周年，南宁各族群众二十万人举行隆重集会和游行》，《解放军报》1978年12月12日，第4版。
[904]王志军：《1979：对越战争亲历记》，星克尔出版有限公司，2008，第67、69页。
[905]Robert Ross, The Indochina Tangle: China's Vietnam Policy, 1975-1979 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1988), pp.226-227, 229; James Mulvenon, "The Limits of Coercive Diplomacy: The 1979 Sino-Vietnamese Border War," Journal of Northeast Asian Studies, Vol.14, No.3 (Fall 1995), pp.68-69.
[906]Enrico Fardella, "The Sino-American Normalization: A Reassessment," Diplomatic History, Vol.33, No.4 (September 2009), pp.560, 570; Zhang, "Deng Xiaoping," pp.24-25.
[907]"Keng Piao's Report on the Situation of the Indochinese Peninsular," 16 January 1979, Issues and Studies, Vol.17, No.1 (January 1981), p.87.
[908]张廷栋：《我陪叶帅走完最后十七年——一位身边秘书的回忆》，中共党史出版社，1999，第125页。
[909]《胡耀邦总书记在全国新闻俱乐部答记者问》 (1985年4月16日)，载《中国同南太平洋五国友好合作关系的新发展：胡耀邦总书记访南太平洋五国言论集》，人民出版社，1985。
[910]Ross, The Indochina Tangle, pp.227-28.
[911]《柴泽民谈邓小平》，载中共中央文献研究室第三编研部编《话说邓小平》，中央文献出版社，2004，第265～266页。
[912]王志军：《1979：对越战争亲历记》，第69页。
[913]张执之：《对越自卫还击作战中的空军部队》 (1990年12月)，载中国人民解放军历史资料丛书编审委员会编《空军 回忆史料》，第665页。
[914]中央人民广播电台军事部编《军威进行曲：人民解放军现代化建设系列报道》，中国广播电视出版社，1987，第58页。
[915]Edward C.O.Dowd, Chinese Military Strategy in the Third Indochina War: the Last Maoist War (London and New York: Routledge, 2007), p.72.
[916]王尚荣：《新中国诞生后几次重大战事》 (王凡访问整理)，载朱元石主编《共和国要事口述史》，湖南出版社，1999，第293页。
[917]张万年：《杀鸡用牛刀》 (1979年5月12日)，载《张万年军事文选》，解放军出版社， 2008，第25～26页。
[918]洪学智：《洪学智回忆录》，解放军出版社，2002，第700～701页。
[919]关于不同的论述，参见Rosemary Foot and Andrew Walter, China, the United States, and Global Order (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011), pp.60-61。
[920]邓小平指出，“我国对越南自卫反击战的胜利，大大提高了我国在国际反霸权主义斗争中的威望，对于团结世界人民反对霸权主义，改变世界政治力量对比，对于打破苏联霸权主义企图在国际上孤立我们的狂妄计划，改善我们的国际环境，提高我国的国际威望，起了不可估量的作用。”参见邓小平《坚持四项基本原则》 (1979年3月30日)，载中共中央文献研究室编《三中全会以来重要文献选编》，人民出版社，2011，第74页。
[921]《邓小平与外国首脑及记者会谈录》，台海出版社，2011，第377～378、382页。
[922]Memcon, Kissinger and Zhou, "President's Visit, Taiwan and Japan, 21 October 1971, 10: 30 a.m.-1: 45 p.m.," ～nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB70/doc11.pdf, p.31.
[923]Arnold Wolfers, "National Security As an Ambiguous Symbol," in The Theory and Practice of International Relations, edited by David S.McLellan, Wiliam C.Olson, and Fred A.Sondermann (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1960), 189.
[924]Mao Tse-Tung, "On the People's Democratic Dictatorship," in Selected Works of Mao Tse-Tung, vol.4 (Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 1975), 415.
[925]关于中苏联盟中的安全合作及其败落，参见卢思 (Lorenz lüthi)所著本书第九章。
[926]《人民日报》1963年9月9日；《人民日报》1965年5月25日。
[927]谢益显：《当代中国外交思想史》，河南大学出版社，1999，第286页。
[928]Avery Goldstein, Rising to the Challenge: China's Grand Strategy and International Security (Singapore: National University of Singapore Press, 2008), 42.
[929]中国共产党第十一次全国代表大会，1977年，
[930]《邓小平文选》第2卷，人民出版社，1994，第241页。
[931]《邓小平文选》第3卷，人民出版社，1993，第105页。
[932]《邓小平文选》第3卷，第233页。
[933]《十二大以来重要文献选编》上，人民出版社，1986，第39～46页。
[934]《邓小平文选》第3卷，第296页。
[935]江泽民：《全面建设小康社会，开创中国特色社会主义事业新局面——在中国共产党第十六次全国代表大会上的报告》， 2002年11月，
[936]胡锦涛：《高举中国特色社会主义伟大旗帜，为夺取全面建设小康社会新胜利而奋斗——在中国共产党第十七次全国代表大会上的报告》， 2007年10月，
[937]中国外交部：《中国关于新安全观的立场文件》， 2002年7月31日，
[938]中国国务院新闻办公室：《中国的国防》， 1998年7月，
[939]中国“寻求实现综合安全、共同安全、合作安全”。中国国务院新闻办公室：《中国的和平发展》， 2011年9月，
[940]《十七大以来重要文献选编》上，中央文献出版社，2009，第36页。
[941]Evan S.Medeiros and M.Taylor Fravel, "China's New Diplomacy," Foreign Affairs 82, no.6 (November-December 2003): 22-35.
[942]朱立群等著《中国与国际体系：进程与实践》，世界知识出版社，2012，第329～332页。
[943]Ann Kent, Beyond Compliance: China, International Organizations, and Global Security (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2007), 221.
[944]Alastair Iain Johnston, Social States: China in International Institutions, 1980-2000 (Princeton:Princeton University Press, 2008), 22.xxi.
[945]Susan L.Shirk, "China's Multilateral Diplomacy in the Asia-Pacific," in China as an Emerging Regional and Technology Power: Implications for U.S.Economic and Security Interests (Washington: U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, 2004),
[946]Comment by Li Zhaoxin, then foreign minister of China, in "China Joins Treaty of Amity, Cooperation in Southeast Asia," People's Daily, October 9, 2003,
[947]David Shambaugh, "Return to the Middle Kingdom? China and Asia in the Early Twenty-First Century," in Power Shift: China and Asia's New Dynamics, edited by David Shambaugh (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005), 24-25.
[948]Chinese Foreign Ministry, "China-ASEAN Cooperation: 1991-2011," report printed by China Daily, November 16, 2011.
[949]Chinese Foreign Ministry, "China-ASEAN Cooperation: 1991-2011."
[950]《2011中国与东盟贸易增长迅速》， 2012年8月10日，
[951]Speech by Foreign Minister Li Zhaoxing at the 10 ＋3 Ministerial Meeting, Vientiane, July 27, 2005,
[952]Speech by Foreign Minister Li Zhaoxing.
[953]Medeiros and Fravel, "China's New Diplomacy," 26.
[954]Wu Guoguang, "Multiple Levels of Multilateralism: The Rising China in the Turbulent World," in China Turns to Multilateralism: Foreign Policy and Regional Security, edited by Wu Guoguang and Helen Lansdowne (London: Routledge, 2008), 270.
[955]Robert S.Ross, "Beijing as a Conservative Power," Foreign Affairs 76 (March-April 1997), 34.
[956]Bates Gill, "Contrasting Visions: United States, China and World Order," remarks before the U.S. —China Security Review Commission Session on U.S. —China Relationship and Strategic Perceptions.August 3, 2001,
[957]Chu Shulong in Denny Roy, "China's Pitch for a Multipolar World: The New Security Concept,"
[958]David M.Finkelstein, "China's 'New Concept of Security, '" in The People's Liberation Army and China in Transition, edited by Stephen J.Flanagan and Michael E.Marti (Washington: National Defense University Press, 2003), 199-200.
[959]Gill, "Contrasting Visions."
[960]Finkelstein, "China's 'New Concept of Security, '" 199-200.
[961]Evan A.Feigenbaum, "China's Challenge to Pax Americana," Washington Quarterly, no.31 (Summer 2001), : 488/IMG/pdf/China_s_challenge_to_Pax_A-mericana.pdf.
[962]Evan A.Feigenbaum, "China's Challenge to Pax Americana."
[963]Hans J.Morgenthau, Politics among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace, 6th ed. (New York: Alfred A.Knopf, 1985), 187; Jack Donnelly, Realism and International Relations (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 116.
[964]James Mann, The China Fantasy: Why Capitalism Will Not Bring Democracy to China (New York: Viking, 2006).
[965]Barry Buzan, "Culture and International Society," International Relations 86, no.1 (2010): 1-25.
[966]Yongjin Zhang, "Anticipating China's Future Diplomacy: History, Theory, and Social Practice," in China's "New" Diplomacy: Tactical or Fundamental Change? edited by Pauline Kerr, Stuart Harris, and Qin Yaqing (New York: Palgrave, 2008), 134, 135.
[967]Bates Gill, Rising Star: China's New Security Diplomacy (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2007), 139.
[968]邓小平反复将香港回归与台湾问题的解决联系在一起。参见《邓小平文选》第3卷，第84、86～87、97页。
[969]关于中越战争，参见黄宇兴所著本书第十章。
[970]Lee Kuan Yew, From Third World to First: The Singapore Story, 1965-2000 (New York: HarperCollins, 2000), 603-10.
[971]《邓小平文选》第3卷，第89、110～111、132、231页。
[972]门洪华：《压力、认知与国际形象——关于中国参与国际制度战略的历史解释》，《世界经济与政治》2005年第4期，第183页。
[973]《邓小平文选》第2卷，第417页。
[974]《邓小平文选》第3卷，第10～11页。
[975]《邓小平文选》第2卷，第312页。
[976]《邓小平文选》第2卷，第240页。
[977]《邓小平文选》第2卷，第312页。
[978]温家宝：《关于社会主义初级阶段的历史任务和我国对外政策的几个问题》，
[979]China's Peaceful Rise: A Road Chosen for the Rejuvenation of a Great Nation, People's Daily, February 18, 2004, ＃.
[980]温家宝：《关于社会主义初级阶段的历史任务和我国对外政策的几个问题》。
[981]中国国家统计局：《新中国55年统计资料汇编》，中国统计出版社，2005，第9页。
[982]中国国家统计局：《从十六大到十七大经济社会发展回顾系列报告之十六：中国国际地位和影响的历史性根本变化》， 2008年9月，＆channelid=6697＆record=1。
[983]中国国家统计局：《2007年中国国家与社会发展统计公报》， 。
[984]Fareed Zakaria, The Post-American World (New York: W.W.Norton, 2008), 218.
[985]Steven Levine, "China in Asia," in China's Foreign Relations in the 1980s, edited by Harry Harding (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1984), 109-14.
[986]John K.Fairbank, ed., The Chinese World Order: Traditional China's Foreign Relations (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1968), 10.
[987]Peter Katzenstein, A World of Regions: Asia and Europe in the American Imperium (Ithaca, NY:Cornell University Press, 2005), 91.
[988]Wikisource, "Sun Yat-sen.s speech on Pan-Asianism," Kobe, November 28, 1924, ＆oldid=2953303.
[989]中华人民共和国外交部、中共中央文献研究室编《毛泽东外交文选》，中央文献出版社、世界知识出版社，1994，第506～509页。
[990]Hu Jintao, "China's Development Is an Opportunity for Asia," speech at the Annual Conference of Bo.ao Forum for Asia, April 24, 2004, in China Foreign Affairs 2004, edited by Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Beijing: World Affairs, 2005), 506-11.
[991]《邓小平文选》第3卷，第110～111页。
[992]Ezra F.Vogel, Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2011), preface.
[993]《和平、发展、合作：李肇星谈新时期中国外交的旗帜》， 2005年8月22日，。
[994]王正毅：《理解中国转型：国家战略目标、制度调整与国际力量》，《世界经济与政治》2005年第6期，第11、13页。
[995]Robert Zoelick, "Whither China: From Membership to Responsibility?" speech at the National Committee on U.S. — China Relations, September 21, 2005,
[996]Zhu Liqun, "Challenges for the Future," in New Frontiers in China's Foreign Relations, edited by Allen Carlson and Ren Xiao (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2011), 198.
[997]Kevin Rudd, "Toward an Asia —Pacific Union," address to the Asia Society AustralAsia Center, Sydney, June 4, 2008, —rudd—toward—asia—pacific—union.
[998]Peter Drysdale, "Rudd in Singapore on the Asia Pacific Community Idea," East Asia Forum, May 31, 2009, — in — singapore — on — theasia —pacific—community—idea/.
[999]"Continent versus Ocean and Regionalization in Asia: An Interview with Professor Wang Hui of Tsinghua University," 21st Century Business Herald, March, 21, 2012, 14.
[1000]催天凯、庞含兆：《新时期中国外交全局中的中美关系——兼论中美共建新型大国关系》， www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa-chn/wjbxw_602253/t953676.shtml。
[1001]催天凯、庞含兆：《新时期中国外交全局中的中美关系——兼论中美共建新型大国关系》。
[1002]催天凯、庞含兆：《新时期中国外交全局中的中美关系——兼论中美共建新型大国关系》。
[1003]催天凯、庞含兆：《新时期中国外交全局中的中美关系——兼论中美共建新型大国关系》。
[1004]Henry A.Kissinger, On China (New York: Penguin Press, 2011).
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