antelope—see pronghorn
Arapaho—a tribe of North American native people who predated Europeans and who lived in what is now northeastern Colorado and southeastern Wyoming
Arikara—a tribe of North American native people who predated Europeans and who lived along the northern part of the Missouri River in what is now North Dakota
arrow—a short wooden projectile tipped with sharpened stone or iron and sent from a wooden bow
Assiniboine—a tribe of North American native people who predated Europeans and who lived in the northern region of what is now Montana
bank—the soil edge where a stream or river flows, often eroded by the flowing water
barbed wire—a double strand of wire into which sharp barbs are twisted; used by ranchers and farmers to fence in domestic livestock such as cattle and horses
battle—a fight between two or more opposing forces made up of a number of fighters, usually with the use of weapons
Black Hills—the only mountains on the Great Plains, located in what is now western South Dakota and at one time within the territory controlled by the Lakota people
black powder percussion rifle—a firearm manufactured by Euro-Americans, capable of firing one round lead ball at a time, after which it had to be reloaded; the lead ball was propelled when a spark from a small percussion cap ignited the black powder in the back end, or breech, of the rifle barrel
bow—the part of the weapons system that sends the arrow; made by hand by the Lakota out of hardwood such as ash or oak
bowshot—the distance a Lakota bow could send an arrow, usually about a hundred yards
bullet—a projectile fired from a rifle or pistol
cavalry—soldiers or warriors riding into battle on horses and engaging the enemy as mounted combatants
Cheyenne—a tribe native to North America who lived on the northern Plains and were allies of the Lakota and Arapaho
cholera—a disease brought by Europeans and Euro-Americans to which native peoples of North America had no immunity; it was an infection of the small intestine that caused watery diarrhea and vomiting, and thousands of native people of many different tribes died from it
club—a hand weapon used by the Lakota and other northern Plains tribes, usually made with a wooden handle and a head of stone, iron, or the tips of buffalo horns
command—a military unit such as a squad, company, regiment, or battalion under the authority or command of one person
cooking fire—a small fire in a pit dug into the ground, over which food was cooked or water was boiled
cottonwood tree—a large hardwood tree common to the northern Plains that disperses its seeds on small white, cottony plumes that float through the air
coulee—a gully or ravine
coyote—a wild canine native to North America, larger than a fox but smaller than a wolf
creek bed—the bottom, often sandy, part of a creek or stream over which the water flows
Crow—a tribe native to North America who lived on the northern Plains; they were enemies of the Lakota, Cheyenne, and Arapaho
crow—a large bird found in North America, covered entirely in black feathers, with a raucous, annoying croak
Dakota—one-third of a nation of people living on the northern Great Plains, the other two being the Lakota and the Nakota; together the three were known as the Allied People
deer—an ungulate (which means an animal with hooves), common to North America (and elsewhere), hunted for its meat and hide by the native people of North America and later by Europeans and Euro-Americans
diorama—a miniature replica of a building or part of a landscape; dioramas are often used by museums to depict historical events
drag poles—two long slender poles tied just above the shoulders of a horse and extending behind it and dragged by the horse; on the drag poles was a lightweight wooden platform for carrying bundles or people
fort—a military outpost; in this book refers to one belonging to the U.S. government and sometimes containing a civilian trading post located near or in native (Indian) territory
Fort Laramie National Historic Site—located in southeastern Wyoming on the site of the historic Fort Laramie, operated and maintained by the U.S. National Park Service
Fort Phil Kearny State Historic Site—located in north central Wyoming on the site where Fort Phil Kearny once stood in the early 1860s, operated and maintained by the state of Wyoming
Fort Robinson State Park—located in northwestern Nebraska on the site of the historic Fort Robinson, the place where Crazy Horse surrendered and was killed in 1877, operated and maintained by the state of Nebraska
four directions—west, north, east, and south, known also as the four winds or the four corners of the earth
frostbite—an injury to extremities such as fingers, toes, or noses caused by extreme cold temperatures; when frostbite occurs, the frozen flesh cannot be restored or healed
gelding—a male horse that is neutered and cannot sire offspring
Greasy Grass—the Lakota name for the Little Bighorn River
grouse—a game bird (one that is hunted) common to the Plains
gunfire—the shooting or firing of firearms, usually in a battle
gunpowder—the black powder made from sulfur, charcoal, and potassium nitrate used in firearms and ignited by a spark
hawk—a bird of prey (one that hunts) that inhabits the Great Plains; there are several species: a red-tail hawk was in Crazy Horse's dream when he was a boy called Light Hair
Hidatsa—a tribe native to North America who lived in permanent villages along the upper reaches of the Missouri River in what is now North Dakota and who now live on the Fort Berthold Reservation there
hoofbeats—the sound made when large hoofed animals such as elk, buffalo, or horses run, especially in groups or herds on hard or dry ground
Hunkpapa—the third largest of the seven groups of the Lakota; they lived in what is now north central South Dakota west of the Missouri River, and still do
Indian Bureau—the Bureau of Indian Affairs within the U.S. Department of the Interior
Indian scouts—warriors from native tribes who were recruited and employed to be scouts for the U.S. Army
kettle—a cooking pot made of iron; kettles were used by Euro-American immigrants and settlers and traded to the native people at trading posts
Lakota—one-third of the native nations of the northern Great Plains, which also included the Dakota and Nakota
lance—a long, very slender weapon for hunting and warfare made of a young pine or ash tree, about as long as the height of a man and tipped with a very sharp stone or iron point
Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument—first known as the Custer Battlefield National Monument, the name was changed to Little Bighorn Battlefield in 1992; there are two different areas, with a visitor center located on the site of the 1876 battle, operated and maintained by the U.S. National Park Service
lodge—a tall, cone-shaped dwelling made of buffalo hides used by most of the native tribes of the Great Plains and elsewhere
lodgepole—a very long, slender spruce or pine pole used to support a hide lodge
Long Knives—what the Lakota called the soldiers of the U.S. Army because of the swords they carried
Mandan—a native tribe of North America who lived along the upper reaches of the Missouri River in what is now North Dakota, allied to the Arikara and Hidatsa and now living on the Fort Berthold Reservation
mare—an adult female horse
meadowlark—a small songbird with a bright and cheery call that nests in the grasses and low-growing shrubs of the northern Great Plains
meat rack—a set of long and thin horizontal stalks supported on vertical poles on which narrow strips of fresh game meat (from deer, elk, antelope, and buffalo) were hung to air-dry
medicine man—a healer among the Lakota (and other native tribes) who treated illnesses and injuries; many were also spiritual leaders and advisers
Mniconju—one of the seven bands of the Lakota
monument—a marker, usually made of stone, that memorializes a person or an important event, such as those at the site of Fetterman Battle of 1866 and the military and Indian monuments at the Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument that honor the participants of those battles
moon—the designation for "month" in the Lakota language
Mormon—a group of white immigrants who, seeking a home for their religious sect, traveled west along the Oregon Trail in the mid-1800s and crossed through Lakota territory
mule—the offspring of a male donkey (the sire) and a female horse (the dam); the offspring of a female donkey and a male horse is called a hinny
Nakota—one-third of the native nation that includes the Lakota and Dakota, who lived on the northern Great Plains and still do today
Oglala—one of the seven bands of the Lakota
Oregon Trail—the wagon road from Missouri to Oregon and California used every summer for about twenty years beginning in the late 1840s by Euro-American immigrants looking for a better life in the west
peace talkers—the representatives sent by the U.S. government in the mid-1800s to negotiate treaties with the native peoples of the Great Plains
pistol—a handgun, usually a six-shot revolver, used by both Euro-Americans and natives
powder—see gunpowder
pronghorn—a hoofed, horned animal, often called an antelope or a goat antelope (although it is neither), that lives on the Great Plains; the fastest land animal in North America, capable of sprinting up to sixty miles per hour
quarter horse—a breed of horse known for its ability to sprint a quarter of a mile, now used extensively on western ranches to herd cattle or to compete in equestrian events
reenactors—individuals or groups today who portray or otherwise act the part of historical groups or figures, such as George Custer or Sitting Bull
reservation—an area of land set aside by the U.S. government, or by a state (there are only a few), on which native people agreed to live or were forced to live
sacred—describing an object, a place, or an area considered holy or spiritually important, such as the Black Hills, which were and still are considered sacred by the Lakota, Dakota, and Nakota
sage—a grass and a shrub, each with several varieties, common to the northern Plains, used by many tribes as a smudge (smoke) in religious ceremonies
Sandhills—a region of low hills in northwestern Nebraska composed of sand rather than fertile soil
scout—a soldier or a warrior who moves ahead of the main body of soldiers or warriors to observe and gather information on the enemy
Shell River—the Lakota name for the stream flowing through Nebraska and Wyoming now known as the North Platte River
Shining Mountains—the Lakota name for the Bighorn Mountains
Shoshone—a nation of people native to North America whose territory was west of the Bighorn Mountains in what is now Wyoming
Sicangu—one of the seven bands of the Lakota
skillet bread—dough mixed with water and cooked in a skillet; an early staple of Euro-American settlers in the west and later of native people after they began living on reservations
Smoking Earth River—the name given by the Lakota to the river now known as the Little White River, which flows into the Missouri River in what is now central South Dakota
soap plant—a succulent plant with long, narrow, sharp bristles common to the northern Plains
Spotted Tail—a civilian and military leader of the Sicangu Lakota who was killed in 1881
stallion—the male horse, not neutered, and so capable of siring (fathering) offspring
Strong Heart song—a song of encouragement; Strong Heart songs were sung by both Lakota men and women to encourage bravery and devotion to duty, especially when an enemy was near and a battle was about to occur
tobacco—the inner bark of the red willow tree, which is peeled, dried, and shredded and smoked in a pipe; later, native people used tobacco traded or purchased from Euro-American traders, today both red willow tobacco and commercial tobacco are used
treaty—a written agreement that resulted from the negotiations between representatives of the U.S. government and a native tribe and signed by both parties
treaty council—a gathering or meeting between representatives of the U.S. government and the leaders of various tribes and nations in the west, usually to negotiate a truce or the cessation of hostilities or the ceding of land to the United States
uncle—a title of respect to an older man when there were no blood ties (or biological relationship); as was also the case with "aunt," "grandmother," "grandfather," "grandson," and "granddaughter." This practice was due to the close ties of the extended family or tiyospaye and the importance of the entire village in raising and influencing children
U.S. Seventh Cavalry—the 650-man regiment under the command of Lieutenant Colonel George A. Custer that attacked the Lakota and Cheyenne village on the Little Bighorn River on June 25, 1876, and was defeated
wagon—the common mode of transportation used by Euro-Americans in the west in the mid-1800s, essentially a rectangular wooden box on wheels with an axle at either end; some were covered with canvas canopies and were called "covered wagons" or "Conestoga wagons"
warrior—a war fighter; being a warrior was one of the two roles or duties filled by every Lakota, Cheyenne, and Arapaho male, the second being the role of the hunter
Whirlwind—a boyhood name likely given to Crazy Horse's younger brother; he was given the name Little Hawk as a young man
white—word used to describe a European or Euro-American because of his or her pale complexion
white hunters—white men who came west in the mid- and late 1800s to hunt buffalo only for the tongues and hides; using powerful long-range rifles, they could (and often did) kill hundreds of buffalo in a single day
white-tailed deer—a type of deer common to the Great Plains, so called because of the white hair under their long, wide tails
Worm—the name taken by the elder Crazy Horse when he gave his name to his first-born son, Light Hair, who became the Crazy Horse who is the subject of this book
woven wire—fencing material constructed in crisscrossing horizontal and vertical lengths of wire
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