Nine days after Asquith's discussion with the King, he asked to see Churchill. His own hope, Churchill told the future Prime Minister, was to succeed Elgin as Colonial Secretary. 'Practically all the constructive action and all the parliamentary exposition has been mine,' he explained to Asquith in a letter two days later. 'I have many threads in hand and many plans in movement.' There was also the possibility of going to the Admiralty, but he felt a personal difficulty in discussing this as his ailing uncle, Lord Tweedmouth, was still First Lord.
At their talk Asquith had suggested that Churchill enter the Cabinet as President of the Local Government Board. This did not appeal. 'There is no place in the Government,' he explained, 'more laborious, more anxious, more thankless, more choked with petty & even squalid detail, more full of hopeless and insoluble difficulties.' As far as the 'peace & comfort' of his life were concerned, he would rather continue as Under-Secretary at the Colonial Office without a seat in the Cabinet.
Churchill told Asquith that since his return from Africa he had been examining a broad social canvas: 'Dimly across gulfs of ignorance I see the outline of a policy which I call the Minimum Standard. It is national rather than departmental.' But if he tried to put it into effect, he reflected, 'I expect before long I should find myself in collision with some of my best friends-like for instance John Morley, who at the end of a lifetime of study and thought has come to the conclusion that nothing can be done.'
Churchill was convinced that much could be done to establish minimum standards of life, labour and leisure. In his letter to Asquith he wrote of the need to end the exploitation of boy labour, to regulate the hours of labour, and to create Labour Exchanges in order to 'de-casualise' employment. Above all, he wrote, underneath 'the immense disjointed fabric of safeguards & insurances which has grown up by itself in England, there must be spread-at a lower level-a sort of Germanised network of State intervention and regulation'.
Asquith, who became Prime Minister on April 8, was impressed; knowing Churchill's energies and abilities he offered him the Presidency of the Board of Trade, a Cabinet post in which he could embark upon social reform. Churchill accepted. He was now in the Cabinet, at the age of thirty-three. He took his place at the Cabinet table on April 9, sitting next to Morley, now Secretary of State for India, who doubted whether the State could play the leading part in social reform that Churchill had mapped out for it.
As a Minister of the Crown, Churchill had to go to Buckingham Palace to 'kiss hands' on his appointment. On the weekend before he did so, he went to stay with his mother at her home in the country. There, he again met Clementine Hozier. 'I liked our long talk on Sunday,' he wrote to her from London on April 16, 'and what a comfort & pleasure it was to me to meet a girl with so much intellectual quality & such strong reserves of noble sentiment. I hope we shall meet again and come to know each other better and like each other more: and I see no reason why this should not be so.' In her thank you letter to Lady Randolph, Clementine referred to Churchill's 'dominating charm and brilliancy'.
Having entered the Cabinet, Churchill had, according to the rules of the time, to seek re-election to Parliament. He knew that it would be a far greater struggle than before to win in Manchester. More than a year earlier he had seen his Jewish constituents, almost a third of the total electorate, turn against him because the Liberal Government had brought in a version of the Aliens Act, despite earlier denunciations in which Churchill had played a predominant part. 'I was concerned,' Churchill had written to a fellow Liberal two years earlier, 'to find the other day how very bitter and disappointed the Jewish community had become in consequence of the continuance of this very harsh & quite indefensible measure.' An even more serious danger was the threatened last-minute defection of many Catholic voters, angry that he would not commit himself to the introduction of Home Rule for Ireland.
Churchill was nevertheless in an optimistic mood. 'Even with the risk that a contrary result may be proclaimed before this letter overtakes you,' he wrote to Miss Hozier on April 16, 'I must say I feel confident of a substantial success.' His letter continued, on a personal note, 'I will let you know from time to time how I am getting on here in the storm; and we may lay the foundations of a frank & clear-eyed friendship which I certainly should value and cherish with many serious feelings of respect.'
The North-West Manchester by-election was held on April 24. It was a close contest, but Churchill lost; his Conservative opponent emerged the victor with the narrow majority of 429 votes. 'It was a very hard contest,' he wrote to Miss Hozier three days later, '& but for those sulky Irish Catholics changing sides at the last moment under priestly pressure, the result would have been different.' Churchill's letter continued: 'The Liberal Party is I must say a good Party to fight with. Such loyalty & kindness in misfortune I never saw. I might have won them a great victory from the way they treat me. Eight or nine safe seats have been placed at my disposal already.' For this reason, he explained, the defeat might prove to be a 'blessing in disguise', as it was 'an awful hindrance', he told Miss Hozier in his letter of April 27, 'to anyone in my position to be always forced to fight for his life & always having to make his opinions on national politics conform to local exigencies'. He would look for a seat to make him 'secure' for many years. 'Still, I don't pretend not to be vexed. Defeat, however consoled, explained or discounted, is odious.'
Churchill was soon found another constituency, Dundee. Thither he hurried and there, on May 9, he stood for Parliament. He polled 7,079 votes. His Conservative and Labour opponents between them received more votes than he did, 8,384 in all, but split the vote almost equally. It was, Churchill told his mother, 'a life seat'.
Returning from Dundee to London, Churchill embarked on his first act of industrial conciliation, seeking to settle a shipbuilding dispute on the Tyne in which 14,000 engineers were on strike. After the shipbuilders declared a lock-out, the strike spread to the Clyde and the Mersey. For three weeks Churchill sought a compromise between the strikers and the employers. After he had seen representatives of both the masters and the men, the strikers accepted a reduction in wages in return for Churchill's offer of a 'permanent machinery' of arbitration for the future. It was a close-run thing, with a ballot among the shipbuilding workers obtaining 24,745 votes in favour of Churchill's proposal, and 22,110 against.
Not content with this agreement, Churchill sought to increase the prosperity of the shipyards by the placing of Government orders, asking Lloyd George for his help in dealing with the matter 'in a Napoleonic spirit'. Shipbuilding orders, placed in the regions where there was high unemployment, would 'have a decisive effect on the voting and would relieve Government unemployment funds in other directions'. Churchill went on to ask: 'Can nothing be done to place a few Admiralty orders on the North-East coast and the Clyde in anticipation of the inevitable programme for next year, if not big ships, surely a few cruisers may be begun so as to carry the engineers and shipbuilders through the winter trade which promises to be exceptionally stringent. It does seem to me clumsy to let these people starve and have their homes broken up all winter, and then some time in June or July when things are beginning to revive to crack on a lot of new construction and have everybody working overtime. These ought to be the sort of situations you and I are capable of handling.'
On July 6 Churchill introduced the second reading of the Mines Eight Hours Bill, the aim of which was to reduce the hours of work in the coal mines. He had worked hard on the Bill, using a method he was later to follow on other occasions, full consultation with those who had the greatest grievance. In 1948 he was to tell a Labour critic in the House of Commons, 'Forty years have passed since I moved the Second Reading of the Mines Eight Hours Bill. In comradeship with Mr Bob Smillie-I do not know if the hon. Member has ever heard of him, he was a much admired leader in those days-I introduced baths at the pitheads.'
During his speech on the Bill, Churchill set out this vision of the future working life of Britain: 'The general march of industrial democracy is not towards inadequate hours of work, but towards sufficient hours of leisure.' Working people did not want their lives to remain 'mere alternations' between bed and factory: 'They demand time to look about them, time to see their homes by daylight, to see their children, time to think and read and cultivate their gardens-time, in short, to live.' No one was to be pitied for having to work hard. Nature gave 'a special reward' to such a person, 'an extra relish, which enables him to gather in a brief space, from simple pleasures, a satisfaction in search of which the social idler wanders vainly through the twenty-four hours'. But the reward of hard work, 'so precious in itself, is snatched away from the man who has won it, if the hours of his labour be too severe to leave any time for him to enjoy what he has won'.
That summer, Churchill worked to establish a system of Labour Exchanges, through which those who were out of work could find employment, and where employers who needed labourers could find them. 'Scarcity of labour in one district,' he explained in a Cabinet memorandum, 'may be coincident with a surplus of similar labour in other districts.' Labour Exchanges would help to remedy this lack of balance. They would also 'show the need or the absence of need, at any given time, for emergency measures of relief'.
Churchill sent his plan to Sidney Webb, who found it 'a quite admirable statement'. At Webb's suggestion Churchill made contact with a young university lecturer, William Beveridge, who was immersed in plans for social reform, and through whom Churchill tested many of his own ideas and was introduced to new ones. With the senior civil servant at the Board, Sir Hubert Llewellyn Smith, he discussed whether legislation to curb sweated labour should be introduced by private Members of Parliament, or by the Government. Churchill favoured Government action.
To help him in the day-to-day work, Churchill secured the secondment of Edward Marsh from the Colonial Office. 'Few people have been so lucky as me,' he wrote to Marsh that August, 'as to find in the dull and grimy recesses of the Colonial Office a friend whom I shall cherish and hold on to all my life.' On August 6 Churchill and Marsh were at Burley-on-the-Hill in Rutland, a house rented for the summer by Churchill's cousin Frederick Guest. That night there was a fire which raged through the building. Churchill, in pyjamas, overcoat and fireman's helmet, helped to direct the firemen in tackling the blaze, and in saving valuable tapestries and paintings.
Reading of the fire, Clementine Hozier sent Churchill a telegram expressing concern for his safety. He replied, 'I was delighted to get your telegram this morning & to find that you had not forgotten me.' The fire had been 'great fun & we all enjoyed it thoroughly. It is a pity such jolly entertainments are so costly. Alas for the archives. They roared to glory in about ten minutes.' It was very strange, he added, 'to be locked in deadly grapple with that cruel element. I had no conception-except from reading-of the power & majesty of a great conflagration. Whole rooms sprang into flames as if by enchantment. Chairs and tables burnt up like matches. Floors collapsed & windows crashed down. The roof descended in a molten shower. Every window spouted fire, & from the centre of the house a volcano roared skyward in a whirlwind of sparks.'
In this letter, sent on August 7, Churchill told Clementine that his brother Jack had been married that day to Lady Gwendeline Bertie, in a register office at Abingdon. The whole Churchill family had 'swooped down in motor cars', he wrote, 'for all the world as if it were an elopement-with irate parents panting on the path'. In this letter, Churchill invited Clementine to Blenheim. 'I want so much to show you that beautiful place & in its gardens we shall find lots of places to talk in, & lots of things to talk about.' A second letter followed swiftly after the first; she should take the train from Southampton to Oxford via Didcot. 'I will meet you at Oxford in a motor car if you will telegraph to me here what time you will arrive.'
In this second letter, Churchill made reference to 'those strange mysterious eyes of yours, whose secret I have been trying so hard to learn'. As to women, he wrote, 'I am stupid & clumsy in that relation, and naturally quite self-reliant and self-contained.' By that path, he admitted sadly, he had managed to 'arrive at loneliness'.
Clementine went to Blenheim; on her first and second days there Churchill was too shy to ask her to marry him. On the third morning his cousin Sunny went into his bedroom, where he was still in bed, and urged him to get up and not to miss the chance, possibly for ever. Churchill took his cousin's advice, inviting Clementine to walk with him in the garden. As they walked it began to rain. They sheltered in the small ornamental Temple of Diana. There, Churchill plucked up the courage to ask if she would be his wife. She accepted.
The couple decided to keep the news of their engagement secret until Churchill had written to Clementine's mother in London. But as they walked back to the Palace he saw his friend F.E. Smith and blurted out the news. Back at the Palace he wrote to Clementine's mother, 'I am not rich nor powerfully established, but your daughter loves me & with that love I feel strong enough to assume this great & sacred responsibility; & I think I can make her happy & give her a station & career worthy of her beauty & her virtues.'
Churchill asked Clementine to take the letter with her when she returned that day by train to London; but at the last moment he decided to accompany her, and then to bring both mother and daughter back with him to Blenheim. He therefore took the train to London with her, and then returned to Blenheim with mother and daughter in a special train. 'He is so like Lord Randolph,' Clementine's mother wrote to a friend, 'he has some of his faults, and all his qualities. He is gentle and tender, and affectionate to those he loves, much hated by those who have not come under his personal charm.'
The news of Churchill's engagement was made public on August 15. 'I trust that your new alliance will bring you all sorts of new strength,' wrote Morley, 'and smooth the path of high and arduous ascent that is yours.' Two days later Churchill was in Swansea, where, in a major speech on Anglo-German relations he criticised those 'who try to spread the belief in this country that war between Great Britain and Germany is inevitable'. The naval policy of any Party that was likely to be in power, he said, would be based upon 'reasonable measures of naval defence'. This would secure Britain's peaceful development and at the same time 'free us from the curses of continental militarism'. There was 'no collision of primary interests-big, important interests', between Britain and Germany in any quarter of the globe. 'Why, they are among our very best customers, and if anything were to happen to them, I don't know what we should do in this country for a market.'
As for those who argued that Germany was a threat, a rival and a danger, 'these two great peoples', Churchill said, 'have nothing to fight about, have no prize to fight for, and have no place to fight in'. It was only some fifteen thousand 'mischief-makers, snappers and snarlers' in Britain and in Germany who spoke of the danger of war and who wanted war. 'What about the rest of us? What about the hundred millions of people who dwell in these islands and Germany. Are we all such sheep? Is democracy in the twentieth century so powerless to effect its will? Are we all become such puppets and marionettes to be wire-pulled against our interests into such hideous convulsions?'
Churchill was confident the alarmists would not win the day. 'I have a high and prevailing faith in the essential goodness of great people,' he said. 'I believe that working classes all over the world are recognising they have common interests and not divergent interests. I believe that what is called "the international solidarity of labour" has an immense boon to confer on all the peoples of the world.'
***
That August Churchill reflected on the arbitration procedure which involved him intervening in each industrial and trade dispute as it worsened. What was needed, he suggested at the beginning of September, was 'a more formal and permanent machinery'. To establish this, he proposed a Standing Court of Arbitration, made up of two representatives for labour, two for the employers and a chairman appointed by the Board of Trade. The Court would convene whenever both parties to a dispute requested it. The Cabinet approved Churchill's plan, which was put into effect at once. Within twelve months seven industrial disputes had been settled by the Court.
Churchill and his fiancée planned to get married in the middle of September. Yet even during the short engagement, Clementine hesitated. 'She saw the face of the only real rival she was to know in all the fifty-seven years of marriage that lay ahead,' her daughter Mary later wrote, 'and for a brief moment she quailed.' That rival was public life, which, in their daughter's words, 'laid constant claim to both his time and interest'. As Clementine wavered, her brother Bill wrote to remind her that she had already broken off two engagements, and that she could not make an exhibition of herself and humiliate a public personage such as Churchill. 'But more than Bill's brotherly admonition,' Mary has written, 'it was the warmth of Winston's swift re-assurance, and the force of his own supreme confidence in their future together, which swept away the doubts which had beset her.'
A week before his wedding day, Churchill was asked by one of the electrical workers' trade unions to preside over a second industrial arbitration. He agreed to do so. At a meeting of both sides on September 9, those threatened with lock-out agreed to his compromise proposal to accept wage reductions in return for a promise from the employers of no further reductions for at least six months. The voting was again close, with 4,606 accepting and 3,739 rejecting the plan; but it established Churchill's reputation as a conciliator, a task he was often to undertake in his career.
Three days after this act of arbitration, Churchill was married. The wedding ceremony took place at St Margaret's, Westminster, the parish church of the House of Commons. Churchill was thirty-three, his bride ten years younger. Most of his Cabinet colleagues were on holiday, five of them, including the Prime Minister, were in Scotland. It was Churchill's former headmaster, Dr Welldon, who gave the wedding address. Also present at the ceremony were his mathematics master at Harrow, C.P.H. Mayo, and Lloyd George, who signed the register. Among the wedding gifts was one from Edward VII, a gold-headed walking stick which Churchill was to use for the rest of his life.
'What a relief to have got that ceremony over! & so happily,' Churchill wrote to his mother from Blenheim on the first day of his honeymoon. Everything was 'very comfortable & satisfactory in every way down here, & Clemmie very happy & beautiful'. The weather, however, was 'a little austere with gleams of sunshine; we shall long for warm Italian sun'. Briefly, he and his bride returned to London, to a house he had taken at 12 Bolton Street. Then they went to Italy, first to the village of Baveno on Lake Maggiore, then to Venice. 'We have only loitered & loved,' Churchill told his mother. 'A good & serious occupation for which the histories furnish respectable precedents.'
From Venice, Churchill took his bride to Baron de Forest's castle at Eichhorn in Moravia. Returning to Britain, he introduced her to his constituents in Dundee, where he spoke of the opportunities opening up for State intervention in the social field. Asquith and Lloyd George had just introduced Government-financed pensions for those over seventy. This measure, Churchill declared at Dundee on October 10, marked 'the assertion into our social system of an entirely new principle in regard to poverty, and that principle once asserted cannot possibly be confined within its existing limits'. There was also the need for direct Government intervention in the questions of unemployment, unskilled labour and boy labour. The 'cruel abyss of poverty' could be seen by all. Although many eminent men wanted to 'slam the door' on the sight of poverty, many more 'are prepared to descend into the abyss, and grapple with its evils-as sometimes you see after an explosion at a coal mine a rescue party advancing undaunted into the smoke and steam'.
On November 30, Churchill was thirty-four; his aim was to devise an unemployment insurance scheme to which the State would make a financial contribution. At that very moment, however, while he was preparing the outlines of his scheme, his Cabinet colleague Reginald McKenna, the First Lord of the Admiralty, was pressing for an increase in naval shipbuilding, and asked the Cabinet to agree to build six Dreadnought battleships in 1909, a costly addition to the budget. Churchill and Lloyd George wanted the money needed for at least two of the proposed battleships to be spent instead on social reform. The Conservative Party rejected this, mounting the cry for yet two more battleships, 'We want eight, we won't wait.' As the Dreadnought controversy raged, Churchill was again the target of Conservative scorn. 'What are Winston's reasons for acting as he does in this matter?' one Royal courtier asked another. 'Of course it cannot be from conviction or principle. The very idea of his having either is enough to make one laugh.'
Churchill was second to none in his insistence that Britain must retain naval supremacy. But he was convinced this could be done with only four extra battleships in the coming financial year, leaving funds available for a comprehensive unemployment insurance scheme. That scheme was now ready to be presented to the Cabinet; Churchill set it out on December 11. Three million working men, mostly in shipbuilding and engineering, were to be the immediate beneficiaries of his proposal. For a total contribution of 4d a week, the worker would be insured against sickness, accident or infirmity for fifteen weeks after being taken ill. Of the 4d, the working man would have 2d deducted from his wages, the employer would pay a quarter, and the State a quarter. On re-examining the financial details, he was to amend this to 2d a week from the employers and workmen respectively, and a penny halfpenny from the State.
Determined not to let unemployment insurance be destroyed by the counter-claims of a 'big navy', Churchill supported Lloyd George's criticisms of McKenna with a wealth of statistics which he put forward in Cabinet with vigour. 'I am a Celt,' Lloyd George wrote to him after the Cabinet meeting, '& you will forgive me for telling you that the whole time you were raking McK's squadron I had a vivid idea in my mind that your father looked on with pride at the skilful & plucky way in which his brilliant son was achieving victory in a cause for which he had sacrificed his career & his life.'
At first, Asquith supported the call for six new battleships in 1909. Angrily he wrote to his wife Margot that Churchill and Lloyd George 'by their combined machinations have got the bulk of the Liberal press in the same camp'. They were both going about 'darkly hinting at resignation (which is a bluff)'. There were moments 'when I am disposed summarily to cashier them both'. The dispute rumbled on for the next four months, when it was Asquith himself who proposed, as Churchill and Lloyd George had wished, that only four new battleships should be laid down in 1909. But he appeased the 'big navy' supporters by agreeing that a further four should be laid down in 1910.
The Royal Navy was not to suffer by this decision, which Churchill accepted. But the battle of the Dreadnoughts gave his Conservative enemies yet more ammunition in their battle to undermine his credibility and blacken his character. Nor could these critics know of his constructive suggestion at a meeting of a sub-committee of the Committee of Imperial Defence on 25 February 1909, when the subject of aerial navigation was first discussed. One of the pioneers of aircraft design, C.S. Rolls, was asked for facilities to experiment with a Wright aeroplane on Government land. Churchill wanted to go further. As the secret minutes of the meeting recorded: 'Mr Churchill thought that there was a danger of these proposals being considered too amateurish. The problem of the use of aeroplanes was a most important one, and we should place ourselves in communication with Mr Wright and avail ourselves of his knowledge.' Henceforth, Churchill was to take a close interest in all aerial developments, attending the annual Hendon air shows, befriending the aviators, and encouraging them in their experiments and endeavours.
Social reform continued to dominate Churchill's thinking; in a letter to Asquith immediately after Christmas 1908 he explained that because of difficulties which had arisen about including long-term infirmity in the provisions of unemployment insurance, he would go ahead first with the setting up of Labour Exchanges. He also wanted to see 'some form of State control' of the railways which, he explained, would 'secure the interest of the trading public'. Above all, he wrote, 'we must look ahead and make bold concerted plans for the next two years'. There was 'an impressive social policy to be unfolded' which would pass through both Houses of Parliament and 'leave an abiding mark on national history'. Among the Bills which he was preparing was one to eliminate the abuses of sweated labour. 'I care personally,' he told Asquith, 'and I think the country cares far more about these issues than about mere political change; & anyhow I am confident that there is a great work to be done & that we are the men to do it.'
In a second letter to Asquith, three days before the New Year, Churchill insisted that it was possible to 'underpin' the existing voluntary agencies of social amelioration by a comprehensive system of State action. 'The expenditure of less than ten millions a year,' he argued, 'not upon relief, but upon machinery, & thrift stimuli would make England a different country for the poor.' One area for which he hoped to provide amelioration was that of the bankruptcy of small businesses. That winter he held a conference at the Board of Trade to examine and learn from French bankruptcy legislation, which had advanced further than that of Britain. One of those present, John Bigham, a leading barrister, later expressed his amazement at Churchill's knowledge of the subject. Nor was it only his knowledge that impressed. 'His vigour and versatility were qualifications that would have made him a first class advocate at the Bar.'
That winter Churchill urged Asquith to proceed with legislation for Unemployment Insurance and National Infirmity Insurance. To his disappointment, Asquith decided that the National Insurance Bill would have to be postponed to another Parliamentary session because of the complications involved in long-term invalidity. Because of the postponement, it was Lloyd George who was to introduce, and get the credit for, the Unemployment Insurance scheme on which Churchill had worked so hard. Despite this setback, that spring, he completed two comprehensive Bills, a Trade Boards Bill to eliminate the widespread use of sweated labour, and a Labour Exchanges Bill. Running through both Bills, he told Asquith on January 12, was 'the same idea which the Germans call "paritätisch"-joint & equal representation of masters & men, plus the skilled permanent impartial element'-arbitration.
On the day after he sent this letter, Churchill told the Birmingham Liberal Club, 'Wherever the reformer casts his eye, he is confronted with a mass of largely preventable and even curable suffering.' While the 'vanguard' of the British people 'enjoys all the delights of all the ages, our rearguard struggles out into conditions which are crueller than barbarism'.
The 'main aspirations' of the British people, Churchill told his Birmingham audience, were social rather than political. 'They see around them, on every side and almost every day, spectacles of confusion and misery, which they cannot reconcile with any conception of humanity or justice.' People wondered 'why so little has been done here. They demand that more shall be done'. Churchill repeated this call for social change when he spoke at Newcastle on February 5. The aim of the new social programme was, he said, 'to bring the people into the Government, to open all careers freely to the talent of every class, to associate ever larger numbers with offices of authority'. A month later he presented the Cabinet with his Trade Boards Bill. The new Boards, working through special inspectors, would have powers to prosecute any employer who was exploiting his work force. Exploitation would be defined either as exceptionally low wages, those below the minimum rates to be prescribed by the Board of Trade, or 'conditions prejudicial to physical and social welfare'.
In a single Bill, Churchill established both the principle of a minimum wage for the low paid, and the right to a break for meals and refreshment. The Bill had its second reading in the Commons on April 28. It had, Churchill told Clementine in a letter written on the front bench, 'been beautifully received & will be passed without a Division'. Balfour had been 'most friendly' to it '& all opposition has faded away'. The Bill passed with a large majority. Then, on May 19, he introduced his Labour Exchanges Bill. Modern transport and communications, he told the House, 'knit the country together as no other country has ever been knitted before. Only labour has not profited by this improved organisation.' The Bill would dispose of the need 'of wandering in search of work'. More than two hundred Labour Exchanges would provide information about where work was available, and in which regions, and for which trades, men were needed. The Labour Exchanges now being set up, and the Unemployment Insurance scheme yet to be introduced, were 'man and wife, mutually supported and sustained by each other'.
A leading Labour Member called Churchill's proposal 'one of the most far-reaching statements which has been delivered during the time I have been associated with Parliament'. That summer, in a series of meetings with Trade Union leaders and employers, he explained that the role of the Board of Trade under these proposals would be that of arbiter and conciliator between capital and labour. The Labour Exchanges would not be used to provide employers with blackleg labour during a strike. They would make it easier for workmen to find work, and easier for employers to build up a pool of labour.
Amid the work of explaining his Bills to the public and to Parliament, Churchill found time to supervise the preparation of a new London home, 33 Eccleston Square. Clementine, who was expecting their first child, spent much time amid the tranquillity of Blenheim. Even the smallest details of the new London house engaged her husband's attention. 'The marble basin has arrived,' he wrote to her. 'Your window is up-a great improvement. All the bookcases are in position (I have ordered two more for the side windows of the alcove). The dining room gleams in creamy white. The big room is papered, the bathroom well advanced.'
On May 1 Churchill's sister-in-law Lady Gwendeline gave birth to a son, John George. Clementine's child was expected within the next two months. 'My dear Bird,' Churchill wrote to her, 'this happy event will be a great help to you & will encourage you. I rather shrink from it-because I don't like your having to bear pain & face this ordeal. But we are in the grip of circumstances, and out of pain joy will spring, & from passing weakness new strengths arise.'
As a Major in the Queen's Own Oxfordshire Hussars, Churchill was taking part that week in the annual camp of the Oxfordshire Yeomanry. On the day after the Field Day he wrote to his wife, 'These military men very often fail altogether to see the simple truths underlying the relationships of all armed forces, & how the levers of power can be used upon them.' Reflecting on the 'soldiers & pseudo-soldiers galloping about', as eight Yeomanry regiments did mock battle, he told Clementine: 'Do you know I would greatly like to have some practice in the handling of large forces. I have much confidence in my judgment on things when I see clearly, but on nothing do I seem to feel the truth more than in tactical combinations. It is a vain & foolish thing to say-but you will not laugh at it. I am sure I have the root of the matter in me-but never I fear in this state of existence will it have a chance of flowering-in bright red blossom.'
War of a different kind was on Churchill's mind that summer, 'the war against poverty' he called it in a letter to Lloyd George on June 20. Reflecting on the various pieces of current social legislation, including his own, he had come to the conclusion 'that we should reproduce for the defence of this country against poverty and unemployment, the sort of machinery that we have in existence in the Committee of Imperial Defence to protect us against foreign aggression'. He proposed a Committee of National Organisation, over which the Chancellor of the Exchequer should preside. This was 'the only way', he believed, to secure 'the easy, smooth, speedy transaction of a succession of questions', each of which involved three or four Government departments, to prevent 'over-lapping, waste, friction and omission', and to have a 'continuous policy' of social reform.
Churchill set aside all thought of politics and Parliaments when, on July 11, Clementine gave birth to a daughter, Diana. Childbirth had been a considerable strain for Clementine, bringing in its wake great tiredness. Churchill did his utmost to arrange for peace and quiet for her, finding somewhere for her to recuperate far from the hustle and bustle of London life and politics. Within three weeks of his daughter's birth, Churchill himself was again at the centre of an industrial arbitration, this time in the coal industry, where a strike threatened to paralyse coal production. 'We had twenty hours of negotiation in the last two days,' he told his mother on August 4, 'and I do not think a satisfactory result would have been obtained unless I had personally played my part effectually.'
'As far as I can judge,' Sir Edward Grey wrote to Churchill when the dispute was ended, 'it needed your own firmness, trust & insight to bring about a settlement.' Grey considered it 'a real public service of the very best kind'. Asquith and Edward VII likewise sent their congratulations. 'It was a great coup,' Churchill told his mother, 'most useful and timely.' But at that moment of achievement a new crisis loomed, threatening all Churchill's social reform plans, and the reforms of every Government department; the Conservative Peers announced their intention of rejecting Lloyd George's budget, which had already passed by the Commons with a large majority.
At first Churchill did not take the opposition of the Lords too tragically. 'I never saw people make such fools of themselves as all these Dukes and Duchesses are doing,' he told his mother. 'One after another they come up threatening to cut down charities and pensions, sack old labourers and retainers, and howling and whining because they are asked to pay their share, as if they were being ruined.' The latest recruit was the Duke of Portland. Every line of what he was saying 'is worth a hundred votes in the country to us'.
As well as the possible defeat of the budget, there was another threat to Churchill's reform plans; the prospect of overseas entanglement. At the end of August he had a long talk with the German Ambassador in London, Count Metternich, telling the Ambassador that the prospect of a substantial increase in the German naval construction 'had been the cause of the deep disquiet which had spread among all classes and all Parties'. It was 'no good shutting one's eyes to facts', Churchill added; however hard Governments and individuals worked 'to make a spirit of real trust and confidence between the two countries', they would make very little headway while there was a 'continually booming naval policy in Germany'.
***
That autumn Clementine continued her recuperation at Southwater near Brighton from the strains of childbirth. Throughout her life she was to suffer from bouts of tiredness, accompanied by nervous stress. Her husband always encouraged her to rest, to take her time recuperating, and to free herself from the cares of daily life. He also sent her regular handwritten accounts of his doings, and those of their family. Diana was 'very well', he wrote at the end of August from Eccleston Square, 'but the nurse is rather inclined to glower at me as if I was a tiresome interloper'. He had missed that morning's bath, 'But tomorrow I propose to officiate!'
On September 6, while Clementine was still at Southwater, Churchill spoke at Leicester against the intention of the House of Lords to vote against the budget. He also spoke of the dangers of class warfare should the budget proposals, and all they stood for, be rejected. 'If we carry on in the old happy-go-lucky way, the richer classes ever growing in wealth and in number, the very poor remaining plunged or plunging ever deeper into helpless, hopeless misery,' he warned, 'then I think there is nothing before us but the savage strife between class and class, and an increasing disorganisation, with the increasing waste of human strength and human virtue.'
So angry was the King at these words, that his Private Secretary wrote to The Times in protest, an act without apparent precedent. 'He & the King must really have gone mad,' was Churchill's comment.
From Leicester, Churchill went to Swindon to attend British Army manoeuvres. During his journey he sent his wife words of encouragement: 'Dearest Clemmie, do try to gather your strength. Don't spend it as it comes. Let it accumulate. Remember my two rules-No walk of more than half a mile; no risk of catching cold. There will be so much to do in the autumn & if there is an Election-you will have to play a great part.' Churchill understood the strain which his political life was putting, and would continue to put, on their relationship. 'I am so much centred in my politics,' he told her, 'that I often feel I must be a dull companion, to anyone who is not in the trade too. It gives me so much joy to make you happy-I often wish I were more varied in my topics. Still the best is to be true to oneself-unless you happen to have a very tiresome self!'
Accompanied by Edward Marsh, and his cousin Frederick Guest, in whose car they travelled, Churchill went that autumn to German Army manoeuvres. At Metz he visited the Franco-Prussian War battlefield of Gravelotte where the French had been defeated in August 1870. 'All the graves of the soldiers are dotted about in hundreds just where they fell-all very carefully kept,' he wrote to Clementine, 'so that one can follow the phases of the battle by the movements of the fallen.'
Driving across the Vosges mountains to Strasbourg, the capital city of the German Province of Alsace, Churchill wrote to Clementine on September 12: 'A year today my lovely white pussy cat came to me, & I hope & pray she may find on this September morning no cause-however vague or secret-for regrets. The bells of the old city are ringing now & they recall to my mind the chimes which saluted our wedding & the crowds of cheering people. A year has gone by-& if it has not brought you all the glowing & perfect joy which fancy paints, still it has brought a clear bright light of happiness & some great things. My precious & beloved Clemmie my earnest desire is to enter still more completely into your dear heart & nature & to curl myself up in your darling arms. I feel so safe with you & I do not keep the slightest disguise.'
In this letter Churchill mused about their daughter. 'I wonder what she will grow into, & whether she will be lucky or unlucky to have been dragged out of chaos. She ought to have some rare qualities both of mind & body. But these do not always mean happiness or peace. Still I think a bright star shines for her.' These were tragically prescient words. Many bright stars were to shine for Diana, but happiness and peace were to elude her.
From Strasbourg, Churchill motored to Frankfurt, 'a very long drive of 220 kilometres, the last three hours of which were in darkness & rain', he told Clementine. 'It is queer that one should like this sort of thing, yet there is such a sense of independence about motoring that I should never think of going by train, if the choice offered.' During the drive across Germany he had been impressed by the innumerable small farms and lack of park walls and country estates. 'All this picture makes one feel what a dreadful blight & burden our poor people have to put up with-with parks & palaces of country families almost touching one another & smothering the villages & the industry.' In Frankfurt he was shown the local Labour Exchanges. 'There is no doubt,' he told her, 'that I have got hold of a tremendous thing in these Exchanges. The honour of introducing them into England would be in itself a rich reward.'
Reaching Würzburg on the evening of September 14, Churchill spent the following day at German Army manoeuvres, watching five Army corps and three cavalry divisions in action. 'I have a very nice horse from the Emperor's stable,' he told Clementine, '& am able to ride about wherever I choose with a suitable retinue.' During September 15 he had a few minutes' conversation with the Emperor, 'who chaffed about "Socialists" in a good-humoured way'. That night at dinner he conversed 'formally & fitfully in broken French' with a Prussian General and the Bavarian Minister of War. As to the German Army, he told Clementine, 'it is a terrible engine. It marches sometimes thirty-five miles in a day. It is in number as the sands of the sea-& with all the modern conveniences. There is a complete divorce between the two sides of German life-the imperialists & the Socialists. Nothing unites them. They are two different nations.'
With the British there were 'so many shades' of colour, Churchill wrote. 'Here it is all black & white (the Prussian colours).' He remained an optimist: 'I think another fifty years will see a wiser & a gentler world. But we shall not be spectators of it.' Their daughter would 'glitter in a happier scene'. Then, echoing a sentiment he had first expressed ten years earlier, during the Boer War, he told his wife, 'How easily men could make things better than they are-if only they tried together!' One day at manoeuvres had confirmed his deepest instincts. 'Much as war attracts me & fascinates my mind with its tremendous situations,' he wrote, 'I feel more deeply every year-& can measure the feeling here in the midst of arms-what vile & wicked folly & barbarism it all is.'
On the last day of the manoeuvres Churchill again saw the Emperor. 'He was very friendly-"My dear Winston" & so on-but I saw nothing of him', only a two-minute talk. He had a longer talk with the Turkish representative at the manoeuvres, Enver Pasha, 'the Young Turk who made the revolution. A charming fellow, very good looking & thoroughly capable. We made friends at once.' Five years later Churchill was to appeal direct to Enver, then Turkish Minister of War, not to commit Turkey to Germany's side in the war, but in vain.
While Churchill was in Germany, Clementine had accompanied Asquith to a political meeting in Birmingham. 'We came out by a side door,' she reported to her husband on the following day. 'A steward said to the crowd, "There's Mrs Churchill" and they all cheered the Pug. Two boys leant into the carriage and said, "Give him our love". Those poor people love and trust you absolutely. I felt so proud.'
From Würzburg, Churchill drove to the battlefield of Blenheim, scene of his ancestor's triumph over the French in 1704. On his return to Britain he was at the forefront of the Liberal struggle against the House of Lords. On October 16 he was at Dundee, speaking to his constituents, telling Clementine, 'I find everyone here in high spirits & full of fight.' The drawbacks of being on the stomp were many: 'Yesterday morning I had half eaten a kipper when a huge maggot crept out & flashed his teeth at me! Today I could find nothing nourishing for lunch but pancakes. Such are the trials which great & good men endure in the service of their country!' His own health was not bad: 'I slept in the train without any veronal like a top. Really that must be considered a good sign of nerves & health.' As to his wife's continuing recuperation: 'My sweet cat-devote yourself to the accumulation of health. Dullness is salutary in certain circumstances. I wish you were here, but I am sure you will not afterwards regret this period of repose.'
Clementine was spending a few weeks resting at a hotel in Sussex, at Crowborough. 'I wish you were not tied all this week by the leg to Crowboro,' Churchill wrote to her on October 25. 'I would like so much to take you to my arms all cold & gleaming from your bath.' He was busy with a new book, a collection of twenty-one of the speeches he had made on social policy over the previous three years. It was published a month later with the title Liberalism and the Social Problem, followed within three weeks by a further collection of speeches, The People's Rights.
On November 3, with his German visit much in mind, Churchill set down for the Cabinet his thoughts on German naval intentions. There were 'practically no checks upon German naval expansion', he wrote, 'except those imposed by the difficulties of getting money'. Those difficulties were considerable, with an economic crisis so severe that the 'period of severe internal tension' which it was creating was itself a cause for alarm. 'Will the tension be relieved by moderation,' he asked, 'or snapped by calculated violence? Will the policy of the German Government be to soothe the internal situation or to find an escape from it in external adventure? There is no doubt that both courses are open.' Whatever the German Government were to decide, one of the two courses must be taken soon. 'If it be pacific, it must soon become markedly pacific, and conversely.'
***
With Asquith's encouragement, Churchill prepared a speech to be given at Bristol on November 14, a week before the Lords were to debate the budget. Clementine went to Bristol with him. As they stepped down from the train a young suffragette, Theresa Garnett, ran forward and tried to hit Churchill in the face with a dog whip. To protect his face, he seized her by the wrists. She then began to push him towards the edge of the platform. At that moment the train began slowly to draw out of the station. Scrambling, over a pile of suitcases, Clementine managed to seize her husband's coat and pull him back from the edge. The suffragette was caught hold of by some of the reception committee and at once arrested. As detectives led her away she called out to Churchill, 'You brute, why don't you treat British women properly?'
Shaken by this incident, Churchill nevertheless made a powerful speech that day against the pretensions of the House of Lords. The Conservative Peers, he declared, were 'a proud Tory faction' who thought that they were 'the only persons fit to serve the Crown'. They regarded the Government 'as merely an adjunct to their wealth and titles'. They could not bear to see a Government 'resting on the middle and working classes'. All they could achieve, 'if they go mad', was 'to put a stone on the track and throw the train of State off the line, and that is what we are told they are going to do'.
Churchill was answered by his old adversary Lord Milner, who declared that the duty of the Lords was to vote against the budget, 'and damn the consequences'. Milner's call was heeded; on November 30, Churchill's thirty-fifth birthday, the Lords rejected the budget by 350 votes to 75. Four days later Asquith prorogued Parliament and the General Election campaign began. Its war-cry for all Liberals, including the grandson of a Duke of Marlborough, was 'The Peers versus the People'.
聚合中文网 阅读好时光 www.juhezwn.com
小提示:漏章、缺章、错字过多试试导航栏右上角的源