All That Fall
A play for radio
Written in English for the BBC, July–September 1956. First broadcast on the BBC Third Programme, 13 January 1957, directed by Donald McWhinnie. Duration: 69 : 39. Characters in italics appear in the drama but were not included in the original cast list.
Cast BBC (1957)
Mrs Rooney (Maddy): a lady in her seventies Mary O'Farrell
Christy: a carter Allan McClelland
Mr Tyler: a retired bill-broker Brian O'Higgins
Mr Slocum: Clerk of the Racecourse Patrick Magee
Tommy: a porter Jack MacGowran
Mr Barrell: a station-master Harry Hutchinson
Miss Fitt: a lady in her thirties Sheila Ward
Mrs Tully: a female voice Peggy Marshall
Dolly a small girl (her 1 line omitted)
Mr Rooney (Dan): husband of Mrs Rooney, blind J. G. Devlin
Jerry a small boy Terrance Farrell
Lynch twins
First published 1957 by Faber and Faber, London, and by Grove Press, New York. Tous ceux qui tombent (translated by Samuel Beckett and Robert Pinget) published March 1957 in Les Lettres Nouvelles. First French broadcast of Tous ceux qui tombent 19 December 1959, directed by Alan Trutat, with Marise Paillet as Maddy and Roger Blin as Dan. First German broadcast of Alle, die da fallen, translated by Elmar and Erika Tophoven, Nordwestdeutscher Rundfunk (NWDR) 18 April 1957 (Maundy Thursday). Duration: 80 : 00. Published by Suhrkamp in 1957.
In the BBC production, the rural sounds and other sound effects are vocally generated by actors – a decision about which Beckett had reservations: 'I would have preferred true animal sounds to the BBC human imitators,' he wrote to Clas Zilliacus in 1975. 'Hinnys whinnie,' Beckett assured the Beckett Festival of Radio Plays in 1986, despite the 'hee-haw' in the BBC version of Christy's Hinny (the offspring of a male horse and a female donkey; the opposite of a mule, which brays and is the offspring of a female horse and a male donkey – and is sterile, as a hinny is not). Other sound effects are processed to skew them away from literal realism and suggest how they might be perceived by Maddy Rooney. Music from Schubert, String Quartet No. 14 'Death and the Maiden' (D810), second movement. BFRP used music from the Schubert Lied (D531), 'Der Tod und Das Mädchen' (text by Matthias Claudius). Maddy Rooney's expletive (while being extracted from the automobile), specified as 'Merde!' becomes 'Pity!' in the BBC and BFRP productions, and in the published editions (except for the Grove Press Krapp's Last Tape and Other Dramatic Pieces (1960) p. 49).
In 1972 Donald McWhinnie directed a new stereophonic recording of All That Fall, adhering insofar as possible to the original design; with J. G. Devlin again playing the role of Dan, and Mary Kean replacing the late Mary O'Farrell as Maddy, and again using actors to create the rural sounds.
Embers
A piece for radio
Written in English for the BBC, 1957–8, completed February 1959, and forwarded to the BBC with the title Ebb. First broadcast on the BBC Third Programme, 24 June 1959, directed by Donald McWhinnie. Duration: 44 : 38. RAI (Italian Radio) prize for radio drama, 1959 (not the same as the Prix Italia with which it has sometimes been confused).
BBC (1959)
Henry: Jack MacGowran
Ada: Kathleen Michael
Addie: Kathleen Helme
Music Master/Riding Master: Patrick Magee
Pianist Cicely Hoye
First published in Evergreen Review (New York) November/December 1959. Published by Faber in Krapp's Last Tape and Embers, December 1959. First published by Grove Press in Krapp's Last Tape and Other Dramatic Pieces, 1960.
Translated into French as Cendres by Robert Pinget and Samuel Beckett, published in Les Lettres Nouvelles 36 (December 1959). First French (ORTF) broadcast 8 May 1966, directed by Jean-Jacques Vierne, with Roger Blin playing Henry, Delphine Seyrig as Ada, and Jean Martin the dancing and riding masters.
Translated into German as Aschenglut by Elmar and Erika Tophoven and first performed in Germany on Südwestfunk (SWDR) 6 October 1959, directed by Donald McWhinnie. Published by Suhrkamp in Samuel Beckett, Dramatischen Dichtungen, Bd. 2, 1964, and in a bilingual text, Embers/Aschenglut by Reclam (Stuttgart 1970).
The BBC production omits the following lines (restored in the BFRP production): 'Trying to toast his arse' (p. 37); the expletive, 'Christ!' from Henry's response to his father calling him a 'washout': 'Wish to Christ she had.' (p. 38) [despite the fact that, as John and Beryl Fletcher note, it comes from the Vulgate Bible: 'I wish to Christ my mother had washed me out before I was conceived.' (Student's Guide 131)]. Three other 'Christs' are spared, but both God and Jesus disappear from 'the child, I suppose, horrid little creature, wish to God we'd never had her. I used to walk with her in the fields, Jesus that was awful…' (p. 38) as does 'sulky little bastard,' from 'sulky little bastard, better off dead' (p. 39). The 'Argentine' becomes 'Venezuela' as the possible hideout for the disappeared father; and 'the Pampas' replaces 'Tibet' as a place where Henry might escape the sound of the sea. BFRP goes with Argentine and Pampas.
In the BBC production an electronically modified organ drone accompanies wave sounds for the 'sound of the sea' that haunts Henry, while the BFRP production uses the waves at Killiney beach to which Beckett directed the producers, and which do, in fact, make a kind of sucking sound as they recede amid the moving pebbles.
Rough for Radio I
Written in French (as Esquisse radiophonique) in late 1961, and first published in Minuit 5, September 1973. Subsequently published in Pas suivi de quatre esquisses (Paris: Éditions de Minuit 1977), with Fragment du théâtre I & II, and Pochade radiophonique. First published in English (translated by Beckett) as 'Sketch for Radio Play' in Stereo Headphones, no. 7 (Spring 1976). First published (as Radio I) in Ends and Odds (Grove Press 1976; Faber 1977).
Regarded by Beckett as an early and abandoned draft for the play that became Cascando, it has not been produced by the BBC, French or German radio, or included in BFRP. First performance Radio Netherlands (NOS) 1991, directed by Richard Rijnvos, with Michael Gouge, Joan Plowright and John Cage. Music composed by Richard Rijnvos and performed by the Ives Ensemble. Duration: 22 : 00.
Rough for Radio II
Written in French as Pochade radiophonique; begun January 1961(?), thus perhaps preceding Rough for Radio I, and published in Minuit 16 (November 1975), where it is dated 'années 60s?'. Subsequently published in Pas suivi de quatre esquisses (Éditions de Minuit, 1977), with Fragment du théatre I & II, and Esquisse radiophonique.
First broadcast on BBC Radio 3 in the author's English translation as Rough for Radio, 13 April 1976 (Samuel Beckett's seventieth birthday), produced and directed by Martin Esslin. Duration: 20 : 56.
BBC (1976)
Animator: Harold Pinter
Stenographer: Billie Whitelaw
Fox: Patrick Magee
Dick (mute): Michael Deacon
Beckett unequivocally vetoed the sound effects and echo of a prison torture chamber (heavy closing door, etc.) proposed for the BBC production, and was not pleased to find them used anyway. There is no identifiable acoustic location in the script.
First published (as Radio II) in Ends and Odds (Grove Press 1976, Faber 1977). German Broadcast première (as Pochade Radiophonique), SDR, Stuttgart, 1978. Directed by Otto Luben. Duration: 30 : 00. Published by Suhrkamp in Gesammelte Werke: Hörspiel/Filme.
Words and Music
A piece for radio
Written in English for collaboration with John Beckett, for the BBC, and completed towards the end of 1961. First published in Evergreen Review 27 (New York), November/December 1962. First published by Faber in March 1964 in Play and Two Short Pieces for Radio. First published by Grove in Cascando and Other Short Dramatic Pieces (1969).
First broadcast on the BBC Third Programme (with music composed and conducted by John Beckett), 13 November 1962. Directed by Michael Bakewell with Felix Felton as Croak, Patrick Magee as Joe (Words) and a twelve-musician BBC ensemble conducted by John Beckett as Bob (Music). Duration: 27:29
First German broadcast as Worte und Musik, with music by John Beckett (conducted by Mladen Gutesha) and text translated by Elmar and Erika Tophoven, on SDR (16 October) and NDR (20 October) 1963, directed by Imo Wilimzig with Hans-Hermann Schaufuss as Croak and Kurt Haars as Joe (Words). Duration: 21 : 13. Combined with a broadcast of Cascando. Published in Samuel Beckett, Dramatische Dichtungen, Bd. 2 (Suhrkamp 1964).
First French broadcast as Paroles et Musique (in the author's French translation), with music (Bob) composed by Aric Dzierlatka, 5 January 1968. Roger Blin played Croak, Jacques Doucet played Joe (Words), and players from the Orchestre de la Suisse Romande conducted by Jean-Marie Auberson played Bob (Music). Duration: 34 : 00. First published Éditions de Minuit in 1966 in Comédie et actes divers, subtitled 'Piéce radiophonique'.
The late John Beckett's music for Words and Music was withdrawn soon after the original BBC recording and, regrettably, continues to be unavailable.
Cascando
A radio piece for music and voice
Written in French (December 1961–January 1962) in response to a request for a text from Marcel Mihalovici – whom French Radio (ORTF) had commissioned to set an original text by an author of his choosing. Subtitled 'invention radiophonique pour musique et voix'. First French broadcast with music by Mihalovici, conducted by Manuel Rosenthal. Produced by Paul Ventre and directed by Roger Blin who also played L'Ouvreur (Opener), with Jean Martin as La Voix (Voice) – on ORTF-France Culture, 13 October 1963. Duration: 28 : 00. First published (in French) in L'VII in April 1963.
First broadcast in English (in Beckett's translation) on the BBC Third Programme, with music by Marcel Mihalovici (imported from the German production), 6 October 1964. Produced and directed by Donald McWhinnie with Denys Hawthorne as Opener and Patrick Magee as Voice. Duration: 21 : 04. (Announced on the BBC as 'a meditation for radio by Samuel Beckett'.)
First published in English in the author's translation in Evergreen Review (May–June 1963). The same text subsequently appears in Cascando and Other Short Dramatic Pieces (Grove Press 1969). First published by Faber, March 1964, in Play, and two short pieces for radio (the other being Words and Music). There are a number of minor variations between this text and the text as published in The Collected Shorter Plays (Faber, Grove Press 1984) and The Complete Dramatic Works (Faber, Grove Press 1986). The BBC production has minor divergences from both published versions.
Translated into German by Elmar Tophoven, and first broadcast on 16 October 1963 on SDR and NDR (paired with Words and Music). Directed by Imo Wilimzigk with music conducted by Mladen Gutesha. Fred C. Siebeck played Opener and Robert Michel, Voice. Duration: 19 : 00. Published in Spectaculum: Texte Moderner Hörspiele (Suhrkamp 1963).
Film
Commissioned by Barney Rosset for Evergreen Theatre, New York. Written in English, beginning in April 1963. Filmed in New York, summer 1964. 35mm, black and white, sound film. First shown publicly at the New York Film Festival 20 May 1965. Duration: (script) 30 : 00; (Evergreen production) 24 : 00.
Director: Alan Schneider
Scenario: Samuel Beckett
Cast: Buster Keaton
Cinematographer: Boris Kaufman
Camera (E): Joe Coffey
Editor: Sidney Meyers
European premiere, festivals and awards: 4 September 1965, Venice Film Festival (Diploma di Merito). 1966: London Film Festival (Outstanding Film of the Year), Oberhausen Film Festival (Preis der Kurtzfilmtage), Tours Film Festival (Prix Spécial du Jury), Sydney Film Festival, Kraków Film Festival.
First published by Faber (in Eh Joe and Other Writings, 1967). Separately published as Film by Samuel Beckett: Complete scenario, Illustrations, Production shots, with an essay 'On Directing Film' by Alan Schneider (Grove Press 1969, Faber 1972). First published in French in the author's translation in Film, suivi de Souffle, (Éditions de Minuit 1972).
The screenplay has never been produced in its entirety as written. Technical difficulties made portions of the opening exterior sequences unusable and they appear in highly truncated form in the Evergreen production, retaining only the jostled 'elderly couple of shabby genteel aspect' – indispensable if only because they utter the only sound in the film (sometimes lost in copies on the mistaken assumption that it is a silent movie). The remainder of the released film adheres closely to Beckett's scenario.
A monochrome remake of Film: A Screenplay by Samuel Beckett was produced by the British Film Institute in 1979, directed by David Clark and featuring Max Wall (16mm, 26 : 00). It departs from Beckett's scenario by introducing colour, ambient sound and music.
Eh Joe
A piece for television
Written in English, April–May 1965. First broadcast on German television (in Elmar and Erika Tophoven's translation, He Joe), recorded 25 March – 1 April, and broadcast on Beckett's sixtieth birthday, 13 April 1966 (Süddeutscher Rundfunk, SDR). Directed by Samuel Beckett, with Deryk Mendel and Nancy Illig. Duration: 24 : 00.
First American broadcast, on New York educational station, WNDT (Channel 13), 18 April 1966. Directed by Alan Schneider, with George Rose and Rosemary Harris. Duration: 34 : 00. First British Broadcast recorded in January but not televised until 4 July 1966, BBC 2. Directed by Alan Gibson, assisted by Samuel Beckett, with Jack MacGowran (for whom the play was written) and Sian Phillips. Duration: 19 : 00. French broadcast première Dis Joe (in the author's translation), ORTF 2 February 1968. Réalisateur Michel Mitrani, with Jean-Louis Barrault and Madeliene Renaud.
First published (in the author's French translation, Dis Joe) in the 5–11 January 1966 issue of the Paris weekly, Arts. The translation contains variants not incorporated into the English production or the published English text. First published by Faber in 1967 (with 'other writings': Act Without Words II and Film). First US publication in Evergreen Review 62 (January 1969) and in Cascando and Other Short Dramatic Pieces (Grove Press 1963).
Beckett directed a second German recording of the play at SDR in January 1970, with Heinz Bennet and Irmgard Först. Beckett's revisions, either made in production or while translating the play into French, are not included in any published English text. See Faber Companion 164–165, Zilliacus 184–196, and Gontarski, Theatrical Notebooks IV 267–270.
Ghost Trio
A play for television
Written in English 1975–6 for the BBC. The title is from the colloquial name given to Beethoven's fifth piano trio (The Ghost) Opus 70 No. 1, excerpts from the largo of which are incorporated into the play, apparently chosen because Beethoven may have contemplated using this section for the witches' chorus in a projected opera on Shakespeare's Macbeth that was never written (Knowlson, Damned to Fame 549).
Recorded for 'The Lively Arts', BBC 2, in honour of Beckett's seventieth birthday, and first broadcast on 17 April 1977 in a programme for which Beckett chose the title 'Shades', which also included Not I and… but the clouds… Directed by Donald McWhinnie (assisted by Beckett) with Ronald Pickup as F, Billie Whitelaw as V, and Rupert Herder as the boy. Duration: 21 : 30.
First German broadcast as Geistertrio (translated by Elmar and Erika Tophoven), by Süddeutscher Rundfunk (SDR), recorded May 1977, and broadcast 1 November 1977 (in a programme entitled 'Schatten' with… nur nach Gewölk… [… but the clouds…] and the BBC production of Not I. Directed by Samuel Beckett, with Klaus Herm as F, Irmgard Först as V, and Matthias Fell as the boy. Duration: 28 : 50. Published in Quadnat Geister Trio,… nur Noch Gewölk…, Nacht und Träume (Suhrkamp 1995).
First published in Ends and Odds: Eight New Dramatic Pieces (Grove Press 1976). First published in the UK in the first number of the Journal of Beckett Studies (1976), 'corrected (from the version in Ends and Odds) in the light of the BBC television recording'. First published by Faber in Ends and Odds in 1977, which incorporates Beckett's post-production revisions; though not passages describing F and camera contained in UoR MS 1519/1 (Gontarski, Intent 122, 125).
Published in French as Trio du fantôme, translated by Edith Fournier, in Quad et autres pièces pour la télévision (Quad, Trio du fantôme,… que nuages…, Nacht und Träume, Éditions de Minuit 1992). There has been no French broadcast of Trio du fantôme. Specified duration of shots is inconsistently adhered to in the productions Beckett directed.
… but the clouds…
A play for television
Written in English, October–November 1976, for the BBC. Recorded for 'The Lively Arts', BBC 2, in honour of Beckett's seventieth birthday, and first broadcast on 17 April 1977 in a programme for which Beckett chose the title 'Shades', which also included Not I and Ghost Trio. Directed by Donald McWhinnie, assisted by Beckett, with Ronald Pickup as M and Billie Whitelaw as W. Duration: 16 : 00. First published by Faber in Ends and Odds (1977), and subsequently by Grove Press in Ends and Odds: Nine Dramatic Pieces (1981).
First German Broadcast as… nur nach Gewölk… (trans. Elmar and Erika Tophoven), Süddeutscher Rundfunk (SDR), recorded May 1977 and broadcast 1 November 1977 (in a programme entitled 'Schatten' with Geistertrio and the BBC production of Not I. Directed by Beckett, with Klaus Herm as M and Komelia Doje as W. Duration: 17 : 00. Published in Samuel Beckett, Quadrat, Geister-Trio,… nur noch Gewölk…, Nacht und Träume (Suhrkamp 1995). Published in French (trans. Edith Fournier) as… que nuages… in Quad et autres pièces pour la télévision (Éditions de Minuit 1992). It has not been broadcast in France.
The title and the lines quoted in the play come from the conclusion of 'The Tower' by William Butler Yeats:
Now I shall make my soul,
Compelling it to study
In a learned school
Till the wreck of body,
Slow decay of blood,
Testy delirium
Or dull decrepitude,
Or what worse evil come–
The death of friends, or death
Of every brilliant eye
That made a catch in the breath–
Seem but the clouds of the sky
When the horizon fades;
Or a bird's sleepy cry
Among the deepening shades.
Quad
A piece for four players, light, and percussion
Written in English in 1980–1, for Süddeutscher Rundfunk (SDR), performed by the Stuttgart Preparatory Ballet School: the production mentioned in the text in which Beckett indicates the performance variations from the original concept. First broadcast under the title Quadrat 1 + 2 [after adding Quad(rat) 2 to the original Quad(rat) (1)], on 8 October 1981, directed by Samuel Beckett. The same production, entitled simply Quad, was transmitted on BBC 2, on 16 December 1982. Durations: Quad 1: ca. 9 : 30. Quad 2: 4 : 00. (13 : 30).
Cast: 4 mimes ('not dancers'): Helfrid Foron, Juerg Hummel, Claudia Knupfer and Susanne Rehe. Percussion: Two Javanese gongs, African wood block, African talking drum, and (quoting Beckett) 'a wonderful wastebasket – from Rathmines' (a Dublin neighbourhood). Percussionists: Albrecht Schrade, Jörg Schaefer, Hans-Jochen Rubik and Gyula Racz.
First published as Quad in Collected Shorter Plays (Faber, Grove Press 1984). Collected in German as Quadrat in Stücke für das Fernsehen, translated by Elmar and Erika Tophoven (Suhrkamp 1996). Collected in French as Quad in Quad et autres pièces pour la télévision, trans. Edith Fournier (Éditions de Minuit 1992).
Nacht und Träume
Written in English for Süddeutscher Rundfunk (SDR) in 1982, and recorded in October 1983. Beckett specified that it should retain the German title of the Schubert Lied from which it originated (D827), the last seven bars of which are hummed then sung in the play: 'Holde Träume, kehret wieder!' ('Sweet dreams, come back again!'). First Broadcast 19 May 1983, SDR. Directed by Beckett, with Helfrid Furon (as both Dreamer and Dreamt Self), Dick Morgner and Stephan Pritz. Duration: 11 : 00.
First published in Collected Shorter Plays (Faber, Grove Press 1984). French translation by Edith Fournier first published in Quad et autres pièces pour la télévision (Éditions de Minuit 1992). German translation by Elmar Tophoven published in Beckett: Szenen – Prosa – Verse (Suhrkamp 1995).
The Old Tune
A conversation piece for radio [an adaptation by Samuel Beckett of La Manivelle by Robert Pinget]
First broadcast on the BBCThird Programme, 23 August 1960. Directed by Barbara Bray, with Jack MacGowran as Cream and Patrick Magee as Gorman. The old tune played by Gorman: 'The Bluebells of Scotland' (chosen by Beckett). Duration: 32 : 08. La Manivelle had been previously broadcast in French by the BBC on 27 July 1959.
First published in France as Robert Pinget, La manivelle, pièce radiophonique, Texte anglais de Samuel Beckett (bilingual text on facing pages), Éditions de Minuit, September 1960. First US publication in Evergreen Review (March–April 1961). First UK publication (bilingual text on facing pages) in New Writers 2 (John Calder Publishers 1962).
The Beckett Festival of Radio Plays
The USA national broadcast premières of Beckett's radio plays were created in The Beckett Festival of Radio Plays (BFRP) – a project originated by Martha Fehsenfeld, produced by Everett Frost and Faith Wilding (Louise Cleveland, Executive Producer, All That Fall) – with the plays directed by Everett Frost:
All That Fall was broadcast on 13 April 1986 (Beckett's eightieth birthday), with Billie Whitelaw as Maddy, David Warrilow as Dan, Alvin Epstein as Mr Slocum, Jerome Kilty as Christy and Mr Barrell, George Bartenieff as Mr Tyler, Susan Willis as Miss Fitt, Brad Friedman as Tommy, and Lute Ramblin' as Jerry. Duration: 84 : 50.
All that Fall was re-released in 1989, via National Public Radio (NPR) as the first programme in the complete BFRP series:
Embers: with Barry McGovern as Henry and Billie Whitelaw as Ada. Duration: 53 : 00.
Rough for Radio II: with W. Dennis Hunt (Animator), Amanda Plummer (Stenographer), Barry McGovern (Fox) and Charles Potter (Dick). Duration: 28 : 00.
Words and Music (with music by Morton Feldman): with Alvin Epstein as Croak, David Warrilow as Joe (Words) and the Bowery Ensemble conducted by Nils Vigeland as Bob (Music). Duration: 33 : 33.
Cascando (with music composed and conducted by William Kraft): with Fred Neumann as Opener and Alvin Epstein as Voice. Duration 20 : 00.
University of London Productions
Non-broadcast recordings of several of the radio plays were produced at the University of London Audio-Visual Centre by Katherine Worth and directed by David Clark:
Words and Music (1973): with music composed and conducted by Humphrey Searle, with Patrick Magee as Joe (Words), members of the London Sinfonia as Bob (Music) and Denys Hawthorne as Croak.
Embers (1975): with Patrick Magee as Henry, Elvi Hale as Ada.
Cascando (1984): with music composed and conducted by Humphrey Searle and performed by members of the City of London Sinfonia, with David Warrilow as Voice and Sean Barrett as Opener.
Recordings
Recordings of the original BBC productions of Beckett's radio plays are available from the British Library/BBC as a boxed set of four CDs (Samuel Beckett, Works for Radio: The Original Broadcasts, 2006), NSACD 24–27. Together with the Beckett Festival of Radio Plays and the University of London productions, they may be auditioned at: The Sound Archive of the British Library, and The Beckett International Foundation archive at the University of Reading (both by prior arrangement).
The BFRP productions may also be auditioned in the USA at: The Performing Arts Library at Lincoln Center of the New York Public Library, and The Samuel Beckett Archive at the University of Washington St Louis (both by prior arrangement).
There are, regrettably, no provisions for viewing the original productions of Beckett's teleplays.
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