AI Author interview
BA-MA Bundesarchiv-Militärarchiv, Freiburg, Germany
CCA Churchill College Archives, Cambridge, UK
DTA Deutsches Tagebucharchiv, Emmendingen, Germany
FADN Fondazione Archivio Diaristico Nazionale, Pieve Santo Stefano, Italy
GSWW Militärgeschichtliches Forschungsamt: Germany and the Second World War
IWM Imperial War Museum, London, UK
NARA National Archives and Records Administration, Washington DC, USA
TNA The National Archives, Kew, London, UK
WSC Winston Churchill, The Second World War
Introduction
4 'Where they came from and how they got there…': AI with Tom Neil.
4 'We just went back to Echelon…': AI with David Render.
Part I: War Begins
1. Countdown
9 'Before the ceremonies began…': John E. Skinner, Rutgers Oral History Archives.
10 'For the past two weeks…': Lou Gehrig's farewell, Historic Films Archive, YouTube.
12 'The United States must go in…': cited in Dallek, Franklin D. Roosevelt, p. 11.
15 'a negative compromise…': cited in Reynolds, Creation of the Anglo-American Alliance, p. 57.
15 'It was a great blow to me…': Ciano, Diary, 26/6/1939–2/7/1939.
17 'He can be Führer as much as he likes…': ibid., 21–23/5/1939.
17 'However, it is clear to me…': ibid.
2. Diplomacy
27 'What will the British do?': cited in Irving, Göring, p. 256.
29 'a silent witness to the Empire': Beaufre, 1940, p. 97.
30 'It would be difficult…': ibid., p. 100.
30 'If the crisis comes…': Ciano, Diary, 6/8/1939.
30 'implacable': ibid.
30 'I am certain…': ibid., 11/8/1939.
31 'France and England will certainly…': Muggeridge, Ciano's Diplomatic Papers, 'First Conversation with the Fuehrer', 12 August 1939.
31 'They have betrayed and lied to us…': ibid., 13/8/1939.
31 'arouse in him every possible…': ibid., 14/8/1939.
3. Running Out of Time
33 'Remember that we are faced…': cited in Spears, Assignment to Catastrophe, p. 18.
34 'I understand your point of view perfectly…': Beaufre, 1940, p. 123.
34 'With the Germans we risk the loss…': ibid.
34 'I have them! I have them!': Speer, Inside the Third Reich, p. 234.
35 'All I wanted was for this great man…': cited in Sereny, Albert Speer, p. 186.
35 'To see the names of Hitler and Stalin linked…': Speer, Inside the Third Reich, p. 234.
35 'This is very bad news, isn't it?': Spears, Assignment to Catastrophe, p. 23.
37 'We are faced…': cited in Kershaw, Hitler: 1936–1945, Nemesis, p. 208.
37 'Act brutally…': GSWW, Vol. II, p. 75.
38 'That's exactly the man…': cited in Warlimont, Inside Hitler's Headquarters, p. 13.
39 'Grave… Not just over Poland…': Engel, Heart of the Reich (diary, 24/8/1939).
40 'Looks like a great deal of blood…': Speer, Inside the Third Reich, p. 234.
40 Monthly aircraft production figures: Postan, British War Production, Apps. 2 and 4; GSWW, Vol. I, p. 699.
4. The Point of No Return
42 'The day is charged with electricity…': Ciano, Diary, 23/8/1939.
42 'This evening the Duce is favourable to war…': ibid.
43 'peasants… damn Germans… We must therefore…': ibid., 24/8/1939.
43 'No greater mistake could be made…': Documents on the Origin of the War, No. 454.
44 The British Government…: ibid., No. 456.
44 'No foreign propagandist bent upon blackening…': The Times, 11/11/1938,
46 'He fears the bitter judgement of the Germans…': Ciano, Diary, 25/8/1939.
48 'make friendship… lasting understanding': Documents on the Origins of the War, No. 463.
49 'mobilisation of mind and spirit': cited in Noakes and Pridham (eds.), Nazism, Vol. 2, Doc. No. 267.
49 'We did not lose the war…': cited in ibid.
50 'Radio must reach all…': cited in Grunberger, Social History of the Third Reich, p. 507.
50 Völkischer Beobachter: figures are from Hale, Captive Press, p. 144.
51 'The Polish atrocities against the German minority…': Knocke, I Flew for the Führer (diary, 31/8/1939).
51 'The anger that I felt inside…': Herrmann, Eagle's Wings, p. 54.
51 'September 1, 1939, was no day…': Topp, Odyssey, p. 56.
51 'We were not hungry for war…': Luck, Panzer Commander, p. 26.
5. War Declared
54 'Remember – many things are more painful…': Chambrun, I Saw France Fall, p. 26.
55 'The events against which we had fought…': TNA, CAB 23/100.
56 'Speak for England!': cited in Spears, Assignment to Catastrophe, p. 31.
56 'The moment we look like weakening…': cited in ibid., p. 32.
56 'I shall never forget…': Cox, diary, IWM 2769.
57 'The sky was heavy…': ibid.
58 'It had an excellent private…': Colville, Fringes of Power, Vol. 1, p. 20.
59 'That's it… war has been declared': Bradford White, Andrée's War, p. 15.
59 'We are now at war…': ibid., p. 45.
61 'In fact, we were coming in so low…': AI with Eric Brown.
61 'I'm afraid you'll have to come with us…': ibid.
62 'This is the way the world ends…': Goodson, Tumult in the Clouds, p. 13.
6. All at Sea
65 'Once again we must fight…': WSC, Vol. 1, p. 365.
65 It was comfortably the world's largest…: these figures can be found in Roskill, War at Sea, Vol. 1, and in GSWW, Vol. II.
66 And for all this…: details of Britain's global reach can be found in Edgerton, Britain's War Machine and Warfare State, as well as in Howlett, Fighting With Figures, Table 8.3, p. 183.
67 '… actual and prospective': Howlett, Fighting With Figures, p. 377.
68 'A war against Britain…': Carls, cited in GSWW, Vol. I, p. 475.
69 'He would ensure that…': Doenitz, Memoirs, p. 42.
69 'Seldom indeed…': ibid., p. 47.
70 'Now I came back to life…': Suhren and Brustat-Naval, Teddy Suhren, p. 55.
70 'Stop at once and show papers!': cited in Suhren, p. 63.
71 'Good God, what do we do now?': cited in ibid., p. 63.
71 'It all went according to plan…': Suhren and Brustat-Naval, Teddy Suhren, p. 64.
71 'To Mr Churchill…': cited in Blair, Hitler's U-Boat War, Vol. 1, p. 85.
7. Offensive Reconnaissance
74 'On take-off she swung like hell…': Gibson, Enemy Coast Ahead, p. 35.
74 'Good luck, sir, give those bastards…': Gibson, Enemy Coast Ahead, p. 38.
76 another Battle of Verdun: cited in Horne, To Lose a Battle, p. 141.
76 'How should we come off…': Barlone, French Officer's Diary, 2/9/39.
76 'We skirt huge earthworks…': ibid., 5/9/39.
77 'The attack is on the point…': ibid., 11/9/39.
77 'We are all burning with desire…': ibid.
78 'Poland is done for…': ibid., 19/9/39.
78 'X Platoon tried to continue…': cited in Horne, To Lose a Battle, p. 141.
78 'The Germans did not react…': Beaufre, 1940, p. 147.
80 'We shall prevail…': Reynaud, Thick of the Fight, p. 241.
81 'We are glad to observe…': Spears, Assignment to Catastrophe, p. 51.
81 'We have heard of the sinking…': IWM 6854.
82 'The former made us very popular…': Macintyre, U-Boat Killer, p. 9.
83 'Of course. What can I do about it?': AI with Norman Field.
84 The Regular British Army had been small…: these figures are cited by Dennis, Decision by Default, p. 27.
8. Vehicle Shortages
88 'You've taken my books…': AI with Eric Brown.
88 In 1935, there was one vehicle for every 65…: these figures can be found in Whitaker's Almanack for 1940 and 1942, and in DiNardo, Germany's Panzer Arm, p. 42.
90 General Georg Thomas…: The WiRüAmt changed its name to the Economics and Armaments Office (Wirtschafts-und Rüstungsamt) from Office of Economics (Wirtschaftsstab) at the start of the war.
91 no fewer than 131 different types of truck…: cited in Schell, 'Grundlagen der Motorisierung'.
91 'Once this has happened…': BA-MA RW18/822.
93 'You mean they still pull the artillery…': Knappe, Soldat, pp. 99–101.
94 Fully trained Regular troops…: figures from NARA RG 0498-UD205-1222 and from GSWW, Vol. II.
94 most were between 14,000 and 17,000 men strong…: figures from US Army Technical Manual TM-E 30-451, Handbook of German Military Forces.
95 'Even though we were technically at war…': Knappe/Brusaw, Soldat, p. 158.
9. The Modern Army
101 'It was a vast improvement…': AI with Norman Field.
104 'We were slightly apprehensive…': Christopherson, diaries, BA-MA.
10. Leading the Nation
107 'It was all the same…': Sevareid, Not So Wild, p. 114.
109 'Post's jush down the nex' turn…': ibid., p. 116.
109 'The only interest here…': Roll, Hopkins Touch, p. 125.
109 The first wartime poll…: polls cited in ibid., p. 127 and in Dallek, Franklin D. Roosevelt, p. 201.
109 'We in the Americas…': cited in Roll, Hopkins Touch, p. 126.
111 'Our acts must be guided…': Roosevelt, Public Papers and Addresses, p. 512.
112 'Such lack of foresight…': Warlimont, Inside Hitler's Headquarters, p. 54.
112 'to serve as a base…': cited in Trevor-Roper, Hitler's War Directives, p. 50.
11. Attention to Detail
115 The basic infantry light machine gun…: machine guns are discussed by Daniel Musgrave in his encyclopedic tome, German Machineguns, pp. 283–4.
116 nearly 50 kilograms of iron was needed…: BA-MA RH6/v2806.
116 It cost 312 Reichsmarks…: ibid.
117 'Shooting more than 250 shots…': Ausbildungsvorschrift fur die Infanterie, Heft 2a, 1941.
120 no fewer than 323 different companies…: BA-MA RH56/354.
123 'On the one hand…': Luck, Panzer Commander, p. 20.
12. Case YELLOW
125 'When I recall…': Churchill, War Speeches, Vol. 1, p. 115.
125 'The latest German claim…': Colville, Fringes of Power, Vol. 1, 8/11/1939.
126 'The wireless has just given…': IWM 96/59/4.
127 'He was absolutely right…': Suhren and Brustat-Naval, Teddy Suhren, p. 71.
128 'Kapitän, on the bridge!': the description of this attack and counter-attack is in ibid., pp. 73–80.
134 'Suprise may now be regarded…': Halder, Halder War Diary, 18/2/1940.
13. Home Front
137 'Our clothes were always too small…': Dos and Lieff, Letters From Berlin, p. 56.
139 One tractor for every 1,000 acres…: figures are from Farquharson, The Plough and the Swastika, p. 175.
140 Germany had 4 million sheep…: figures are from Whitaker's Almanack, 1940.
140 food was the most urgent problem…: cited in Collingham, Taste of War, p. 30.
141 'German policy…': Documents on German Foreign Policy, Series D, Vol. 10, No. 19.
142 'Now we're not even allowed…': Dos and Lieff, Letters From Berlin, p. 59.
142 Wheat prices: cited in Paxton, French Peasant Fascism, p. 14.
143 Seventy-eight per cent of French milk…: cited in ibid., p. 28.
144 'War was just an accident…': Luchaire, Ma drôle de vie, p. 84.
145 'So once again in a time…': Street, Hitler's Whistle, p. 12.
146 two-thirds of what it had been in 1801: cited in Langlands, 'The Battle for Food', in Ginn, Goodman and Langlands, Wartime Farm, p. 17; and in Short, Watkins and Martin, Front Line of Freedom, p. 4.
146 25 per cent fewer farm workers: cited in Stapledon, Way of the Land, p. 245.
147 'No weapon ever invented…': Land at War, p. 7.
148 'In this instance…': Street, Hitler's Whistle, p. 27.
149 'Whenever I see an aeroplane…': ibid., p. 13.
150 'Colder than ever!…': Cox, diary, 20/1/1940.
150 Petrol rationing: figures are from Zweiniger-Bargielowska, Austerity in Britain, p. 192.
150 'the butcher, Atkinson,…': Cox, diary, 18/11/1939.
150 'Today, butter, sugar and bacon…': ibid., 8/1/1940.
14. Iron in the Soul
153 'the hours were numbered…': cited in Fullilove, Rendezvous With Destiny, p. 49.
153 'most of what Nazidom…': Self, Neville Chamberlain Diary Letters, 16/3/1940.
154 'The minute hand…': Roosevelt, Public Papers and Addresses, Vol. IX, 16/3/1940.
154 'I have had too many dealings…': Ciano, Diary, 26/2/1940.
154 'I feel that you cannot simply…': cited in MacGregor Knox, Mussolini Unleashed, p. 68.
155 80 per cent of Italy's raw materials…: figures are cited in ibid., pp. 69–72.
156 'I have the pleasure…': cited in Ciano, Diary, 18/1/1940.
156 'Everybody knows and understands…': ibid., 16/12/1939.
156 'The Duce must be aware…': ibid., 18/1/1940.
156 'It is hard for me…': ibid.
157 'It is not possible that of all people…': cited in ibid., 6/3/1940.
157 'A coup de théâtre…': ibid., 8/3/1940.
159 'I had little dreamt…': Lyttelton, Memoirs of Lord Chandos, p. 152.
160 less than 1 per cent of all Allied…: these figures can be found in Grove, Defeat of the Enemy Attack. Losses in convoys were even lower – about 0.3 per cent. For example, 2,224 ships sailed in coastal convoys between 3 September and 31 December 1939, of which just seven were sunk.
160 22 million tons…: figures for German iron ore imports are from Butler, Grand Strategy, Vol. II, p. 91.
160 'basic demand of the Wehrmacht': GSWW, Vol. II, p. 189.
162 'The French are becoming excited…': Colville, Fringes of Power, Vol. 1, 29/1/1940.
164 'I could hardly believe…': Kennedy, Business of War, p. 47.
164 'I think the whole thing…': ibid., p. 48.
165 'You know it wasn't my fault…': ibid., p. 50.
165 'I learned how futile…': ibid., p. 51.
15. All Alone
167 3,500 tons demanded…: figures cited in Ciano, Diary, 22/2/1940.
167 Germany had suffered an 80 per cent reduction…: Tooze, Wages of Destruction, p. 332.
168 Göring had warned…: IWM EDS 1571.
169 'Fine, but the best thing…': Barlone, French Officer's Diary, 18/2/1940.
170 'During four years…': Chambrun, I Saw France Fall, p. 63.
170 'But nothing was done…': Beaufre, 1940, p. 170.
171 'But the Germans…': Spears, Assignment to Catastrophe, pp. 80–1.
172 'Neither have begun to realise…': ibid., p. 86.
172 'It sounded ominous…': ibid., p. 87.
173 'The stake in total warfare…': Reynaud, Thick of the Fight, p. 261.
173 'A submarine is designed…': Topp, Odyssey, p. 62.
174 'You have to have been with us…': ibid., p. 63.
175 'Lord Halifax does indeed seem…': Cox, diary, 28/1/1940.
175 'wreck our economy…': Colville, Fringes of Power, Vol. 1, 2/2/1940.
Part II: Germany Triumphant
16. Operation WESERÜBUNG
178 'One could speculate…': Hinchliffe, Lent Papers, p. 60.
178 'It was to be the most daring…': ibid., p. 61.
180 'rashest undertakings in the history…': cited in Kersaudy, Norway 1940, p. 49.
182 'salad in a colander…': Spears, Assignment to Catastrophe, p. 103.
182 'The two men detested…': ibid.
182 'What will centuries to come say…': cited in ibid., p. 106.
182 'The PM for his part…': Colville, Fringes of Power, Vol. 1, 6/4/1940.
183 Hitler had missed the bus…: Self, Neville Chamberlain Diary Letters, p. 415.
184 'Majesty,…': cited in Kersaudy, Norway 1940, p. 68.
186 'For the first time…': Hinchliffe, Lent Papers, p. 61.
186 'I dive, pull up, turn…': ibid.
188 'Everyone I met…': AI with Gunnar Sonsteby.
17. The Battle for Norway
190 'broke all the rules…': Warlimont, Inside Hitler's Headquarters, p. 76.
191 'Despite tremendous anti-aircraft fire…': Topp, Odyssey, p. 67.
191 'witches' cauldron…': ibid., p. 69.
192 'It's just an exercise…': Kynoch, Norway 1940, p. 12.
195 'I've had enough…': cited in Smyth, Abrupt Sierras, p. 85.
195 'I went to bed…': ibid., p. 86.
195 'To say that we were all keen…': Gibson, Enemy Coast Ahead, p. 62.
195 'Everyone was very optimistic…': ibid., p. 63.
196 'We were only about one hundred feet…': ibid., p. 65.
198 'We continually saw burned farms…': Sonsteby, Report from No. 24, p. 15.
199 'Whatever else had been on the Cedarbank…': Kynoch, Norway 1940, p. 25.
18. The Go-for-Broke Gamble
201 Frederick the Great…: cited in Frieser, Blitzkrieg Legend, p. 329.
202 'And then what…': cited in Guderian, Panzer Leader, p. 92.
203 'You will be creeping by…': cited in Frieser, Blitzkrieg Legend, p. 98.
204 'But we won't be able…': cited in Emilio Faldella, L'Italia e la seconda guerra, p. 734.
204 'and we shall all asphyxiate inside': ibid.
205 'Mussolini read the letter…': Ciano, Diary, 24/4/1940.
205 'I was proud to go everywhere…': Luchaire, Ma drôle de vie, p. 92.
205 'I, only, remained sitting…': ibid., p. 94.
208 'Geddown and lie flat!': Kynoch, Norway 1940, p. 52.
209 'I have an uneasy feeling…': Colville, Fringes of Power, Vol. 1, 24/4/1940.
210 'Their height, combined with the narrowness…': Wight-Boycott, diary, 2/5/40, IWM 6854.
210 'I turned and took one last look…': Kynoch, Norway 1940, p. 148.
211 'in spite of his amateurish interventions': Warlimont, Inside Hitler's Headquarters, p. 79.
19. Attack in the West
215 'Anton 2 to Anton…': Mahlke, Memoirs, p. 83.
215 'The general feeling…': ibid., p. 84.
217 'Go to hell…': Offenberg, Lonely Warrior, p. 12.
217 'Don't worry…' ibid., p. 13.
218 'The old Fiat vibrated…': ibid., p. 15.
219 'Missed the bus!…': Holland, Battle of Britain, p. 49.
222 'General. The battle has begun…': Reynaud, Thick of the Fight, p. 287.
224 'The Nazi lieutenant…': Chambrun, I Saw France Fall, p. 69.
225 'Il faut qu'on gagne…': ibid., p. 71.
20. Race to the Meuse
226 'It was hard to believe…': Alanbrooke, War Diaries, 10/5/1940.
227 'Sixty-three Dutchmen…': Pöppel, Heaven and Hell, p. 34.
227 'Night fell mercifully…': Offenberg, Lonely Warrior, p. 16.
228 'There was a feeling…': AI with Billy Drake.
229 'On the one hand, I had no idea…': Knoller, Living with the Enemy, p. 52.
230 'As the air cleared…': ibid., p. 74.
232 'But all the communications…': George Darley, IWM 15184.
233 the Army had shrunk to just 119,913…: figures are cited in Cardozier, Mobilization of the United States, p. 73.
234 'He knows instinctively…': cited in Klein, Call to Arms, p. 34.
235 'We younger ones…': Luck, Panzer Commander, p. 37.
21. Smashing the Meuse Front
237 'All of you are enemies…': Knoller, Living with the Enemy, p. 77.
239 'If ever the success…': cited in Frieser, Blitzkrieg Legend, p. 107.
240 'To use an analogy…': ibid.
242 'My whole attack…': Guderian, Panzer Leader, p. 101.
243 'All the work of the past nine months…': CCA, Bufton Papers, diary, 15/5/1940.
243 'We're almost disappointed': Bethke, diary, 13/5/1940, DTA, 652.9.
244 'Still the 110 was shooting at me…': Drake/Shores, Fighter Leader.
245 'What was easy today…': Balck, Ordnung im Chaos, trans. David Zabecki.
245 'Ask General Doumenc…': cited in Beaufre, 1940, p. 183.
245 'Our front has been broken…': ibid.
246 'All our doctrine…': ibid., p. 185.
247 'I know exactly what he would say…': cited in Pogue, George C. Marshall, pp. 30–1.
248 'If you don't do something…': cited in Herman, Freedom's Forge, p. 10.
248 'The small countries…': Lowenheim, Langley and Jonas, Roosevelt and Churchill, Doc. 8, 15/5/1940.
249 'These are ominous days…': Roosevelt, Public Papers, Vol. 9, pp. 198–202.
249 'Boot them, don't slap them!': Guderian, Panzer Leader, pp. 105–6.
249 'Keep going…': cited in Luck, Panzer Commander, p. 37.
22. Encirclement
251 'The sudden revelation…': Reynaud, Thick of the Fight, p. 302.
251 The Luftwaffe was losing…: figures for aircraft and air personnel losses come from Cornwell, The Battle of France Then and Now. The books in this series are widely accepted as the most authoritative on this matter.
251 'This 14 May…': Mahlke, Memoirs, p. 89.
253 'We are beaten…': Reynaud, Thick of the Fight, p. 320.
254 'My dear Siegfried!': Bethke, diary, 15/5/40, DTA, 652.9.
255 'Apparently the French…': Colville, Fringes of Power, Vol. 1, 16/5/1940.
255 'Then I will find other roads': Hartog and Kasaboski, Occupied Garden, p. 64.
256 'Where is the strategic reserve?': WSC, Vol. II, p. 42; Reynaud, Thick of the Fight, pp. 323–5; Spears, Assignment to Catastrophe, p. 150.
256 'We found the plane's serial number…': Sevareid, Not So Wild, p. 139.
257 'Unfortunately they did not know…': Offenberg, Lonely Warrior, p. 23.
257 'These sights on the Belgian roads…': Chambrun, I Saw France Fall, p. 77.
258 'With our reconnaissance battalion…': Luck, Panzer Commander, p. 39.
258 'No plan, no thought of a plan…': cited in Horne, To Lose a Battle, p. 572.
259 The populations of Tourcoing…: cited in Vinen, Unfree French, p. 30.
259 'The army retreated…': IWM 15814.
259 'very powerful armoured forces…': Liddell Hart, Rommel Papers, p. 32.
259 'A critical moment…': cited in ibid., p. 34.
260 'He seemed to everyone…': Reynaud, Thick of the Fight, p. 340.
260 'The morning he took over…': Beaufre, 1940, p. 190.
261 'I learned that the smell…': Knappe/Brusaw, Soldat, p. 168.
261 'It was devastating…': ibid., p. 170.
262 'This being the state of affairs…': Warlimont, Inside Hitler's Headquarters, p. 98.
23. Britain's Darkest Hour
265 'Everything depends upon the sequence…': cited in Beasley, Knudsen, p. 54.
265 'Accuracy is the only straight line…': ibid., p. 59.
266 'Mr Knudsen, the President has asked…': ibid., p. 237.
267 'You are to try and get to Paris…': Chambrun, I Saw France Fall, p. 86.
268 'I was a little browned off…': Cheall, Fighting Through, p. 10.
268 'some good boys': ibid., p. 16.
268 'But we were determined…': ibid., p. 15.
268 'So we are encircled!…': Barlone, French Officer's Diary, 23/5/1940.
269 'We would have a few skirmishes…': AI with Norman Field.
270 'As I realized…': Spears, Assignment to Catastrophe, pp. 190–6.
272 'Herr Hitler has the whip hand…': TNA CAB 65/13/21. Transcripts of the entire War Cabinet meetings on these crucial days can be found online too at the National Archives website.
24. Getting Away
275 'At some distance…': Barlone, French Officer's Diary, 29/5/1940.
275 'That is all that remains…': ibid., 30/5/1940.
276 'Tears came to my eyes…': AI with Norman Field.
276 'I believe that my unexpected return…': Chambrun, I Saw France Fall, pp. 98–9.
277 'I realized I'd been clobbered…': AI with Norman Field.
278 'BEF evacuated…': cited in Gardner, Evacuation from Dunkirk, Appendix T.
279 'A painful conference…': Ciano, Diary, 28/5/1940.
280 agriculture was still the biggest employer…: figures come from Whitaker's Almanack, 1940 and 1942, and from Italy, Vol. II: Geographical Handbook Series.
280 'The decision has been taken': Ciano, Diary, 30/5/1940.
281 'curiously calm…': Cox, diary, 2/6/1940.
281 'Even though large tracts…': cited in Colville, Fringes of Power, Vol. 1, 4/6/1940, and Churchill, War Speeches.
283 'What ship? What ship?': Kirchner, Erinnerungen: Mein Lebenslauf, DTA 700, IX.
283 'As we approached…': ibid.
25. The End in France
285 'He thought any war with Britain…': Magini, memoir, FADN.
286 'An hour appointed by destiny…': translation at
286 'People of Italy!…': ibid.
286 'I got up calmly…': 'The Wartime Journal of Pace Misciatelli-Chigi 1939–1945', in Cartwright-Hignett, Three Ladies of Siena.
287 As far as the Führer was concerned…: Engel, Heart of the Reich, p. 93.
287 'The declaration of war…': Sergio Fabbri, memoir, FADN.
287 'We were full of enthusiasm…': AI with William Cremonini.
287 'In those days…': ibid.
288 'The news of the war…': Ciano, Diary, 10/6/1940.
288 'Captain, your breakfast…': Luck, Panzer Commander, p. 43.
289 'Bravo, von Luck': ibid., p. 4.
290 'Paris lay inert…': Sevareid, Not So Wild, p. 147.
290 'The latest news…': cited in Bradford White, Andrée's War, p. 29.
290 'All my friends have gone…': ibid., p. 30.
290 'I beg you…': cited in Reynaud, Thick of the Fight, p. 478.
291 'The country will not forgive you…': cited in ibid., p. 489.
292 'France is finished!…': cited in Sevareid, Not So Wild, p. 149.
292 'A day I will remember…': cited in Bradford White, Andrée's War, p. 31.
293 'I for once forgot…': recordings for the The World at War, IWM 2712.
293 'L'homme du destin': cited in Williams, Last Great Frenchman, p. 100.
294 'The Cabinet meeting turned…': Colville, Fringes of Power, Vol. 1, 16/6/1940.
294 'He was transfigured with joy…': Spears, Assignment to Catastrophe, p. 589.
294 'It did not occur to us…': ibid., p. 590.
294 'She is ugly, dirty, nasty…': cited in ibid., p. 578.
295 'He seemed to regard…': Sevareid, Not So Wild, p. 153.
295 'We learn by wireless…': Barlone, French Officer's Diary, 18/6/1940.
296 'The German Government solemnly…': Reynaud, Thick of the Fight, p. 562, and Butler, Grand Strategy, Vol. II, p. 205.
296 'They walk around as if…': cited in Bradford White, Andrée's War, p. 35.
296 'It is pouring…': ibid., p. 36.
26. Air Power: I
297 'An eerie sight…': Bethke, diary, 30/5/1940, DTA, 652.9.
298 'I'm extremely ambitious…': ibid., 6/6/1940.
298 'I'd made it': Herrmann, Eagle's Wings, p. 60.
298 'What's happened back there?…': Mahlke, Memoirs, p. 96.
299 'We'd had the devil's own luck…': ibid.
300 'I looked at these men…': Steinhoff, interview in Heaton and Lewis, German Aces Speak II.
304 'He described this mission…': cited in Suchenwirth, Command and Leadership, p. 160.
Part III: War in the Air and on the Sea
27. Air Power II
309 'At last we were out of it all…': Gibson, Enemy Coast Ahead, p. 79.
311 this had risen to 300 per week…: aircraft production figures are from the Beaverbrook Papers, House of Lords Archives.
28. Not Alone
314 'Very well, alone': Evening Standard, 18/6/1940.
318 'Everyone seemed to have had…': Lyttelton, Memoirs of Lord Chandos, p. 160.
319 'The defeat of France…': ibid.
320 'We will extend…': cited in Hancock and Gowing, British War Economy, p. 226.
321 'Our greatest need…': cited in Beasley, Knudsen, p. 242.
321 'Democracy must wage total war…': cited in Herman, Freedom's Forge, p. 73.
324 'My impression of Mr Knudsen's…': Henry Lewis Stimson Papers, Manuscripts and Archives, diary, 25/7/1940, Yale University Library.
325 'I have the impression…': Colville, Fringes of Power, Vol. 1, 8/7/1940.
325 'The invasion and great attack…': ibid., 9/7/1940.
325 'We still await "The Great Invasion"': Cox, diary, 7/8/1940.
29. Indecision
326 'Berlin is to be given…': cited in Speer, Inside the Third Reich, p. 249.
327 'He is rather inclined…': Ciano, Diary, 7/7/1940.
328 'My impression is that the Führer…': Engel, Heart of the Reich (diary, 15/7/1940).
328 'I only know clearly…': original transcript in the Author's Collection.
329 'Hitler may plant the Swastika…': cited in Roberts, Holy Fox, p. 249.
329 'All the German cities…': cited in Steinhoff, Pechel and, Showalter, Voices from the Third Reich, p. 80.
329 'We do not notice…': Bethke, diary, 30/6/1940, DTA, 652.9.
330 'Apparently negotiations are underway…': ibid., 12/7/1940.
330 'When will it finally start?…': ibid., 24–26/7/1940.
331 'Feeling highly elated…': Smyth, Abrupt Sierras, p. 99.
331 'One thing was already…': Mahlke, Memoirs, p. 120.
332 'To me it was apparent…': George Darley, IWM 15814.
332 'a.303 bullet has but little effect…': cited in Irons, Relentless Offensive, p. 61.
333 'The basic need…' cited in Ziegler, Story of 609 Squadron, p. 99.
334 'We soon sorted them out…': ibid, p. 118.
334 'a high-class spy': letter from Spaatz to Arnold, 27/8/1940, Spaatz Papers, Library of Congress.
336 'Unless the Germans have more…': letter from Spaatz to Arnold, 31/7/1940, cited in Davis, Carl A. Spaatz, p. 48.
337 'I decided…': AI with Jean-Mathieu Boris.
338 'sweetest little ship…': cited in Kershaw, The Few, p. 5.
339 'Well, we'd made it!…': 'Yankee Eagle over London', Liberty magazine, 5/4/41.
340 'a piece of cake': Offenberg, Lonely Warrior, p. 42.
340 Messerschmitt had produced…: Me109 figures are from BA-MA RL XXX; Ministry of Aircraft Production figures are from the Beaverbrook Papers, House of Lords Archive.
30. Adler-Angriff
341 'This was the start…': Luck, Panzer Commander, p. 58.
341 'Observation duty had now settled…': Street, From Dusk till Dawn, p. 42.
342 These amounted to some 1.6 million men…: NARA RG 0498/UD205/1222.
342 'We were given a full complement…': Cheall, Fighting Through, p. 26.
342 'We felt very confident…': ibid., p. 27.
343 amounted to 3,358 aircraft…': figures are from Wood and Dempster, Narrow Margin, Appendix 20.
345 'The Luftwaffe is clearly superior…': cited in ibid., pp. 43–4.
345 up to 12 August…: casualty figures are from Ramsey, Battle of Britain: Then and Now; new fighter aircraft figures from BBK and GSWW, Vol. II, p. 382.
347 'one long nightmare': Elmhirst, An Airman's Life, CCA.
348 'Uppermost in my thoughts…': ibid.
348 'We, in my Department…': ibid.
349 'The question everyone is asking…': Colville, Fringes of Power, Vol. 1, 13/8/1940.
350 'The PM is very much on edge…': ibid., 13/8/1940.
351 'Thus we might easily rob…': WSC, Vol. II, p. 370.
352 'For the first time in my life…': cited in Kershaw, The Few, p. 76.
352 'My head was spinning…': ibid., p. 117, and Ziegler, Story of 609 Squadron, pp. 124–5.
353 they had lost twenty-five aircraft…: figures are from Ramsey, Battle of Britain: Then and Now.
353 'But not only…': George Darley IWM 15814.
355 134 sunk in June…: figures are from Grove, Defeat of the Enemy Attack. Table 13.
356 'Eels at the ready!…': Suhren and Brustat-Naval, Teddy Suhren, p. 86.
356 'No one believed it would hit': ibid., p. 87.
356–7 'But the Kommandant…': ibid., p. 88.
31. Crossing the Water
358–9 'Crumbs! Navigator to Skipper…': Bufton Papers, CCA.
359 'We had been waiting for this…': Gibson, Enemy Coast Ahead Uncensored, p. 102.
359 'The raid was in fact lousy': ibid.
361 'particularly lousy': cited in Davis, Carl A. Spaatz, p. 51.
361 'Our whole strategy is based…': cited in Butler, Grand Strategy, Vol. II, p. 342.
363 'I only have five planes here…': Bethke, diary, 2–5/9/1940, DTA, 652.9.
364 'What he said sounded like…': Steinhoff, Pechel and Showalter, Voices from the Third Reich, p. 81.
364 'Young man…': ibid.
364–5 'Reported very unfavourably…': Engel, Heart of the Reich (diary, 10/8/1940).
366 'For a new boy…': Bam Bamberger, private manuscript.
368 'To think those bloody Germans…': AI with Norman Field.
369 Fighter Command had 701 serviceable aircraft…: daily figures can be found at www.raf.mod.uk/bob1940/september1 (no longer extant, but information provided by Air Historical Branch)
369 'The greatest query was…': Elmhirst, An Airman's Life, CCA.
370 'All reports look like invasion…': Alanbrooke, War Diaries, 7/9/1940.
370 'The responsibility of feeling…': ibid., 8/9/1940.
371 'Every port from Antwerp to Dieppe…': Gibson, Enemy Coast Ahead Uncensored, p. 104.
371 'But we both agreed…': Street, From Dusk till Dawn, p. 57.
372 'All evening we have been looking…': Cox, diary, 7/9/1940.
372 'By God, that's good, that's fine…': cited in Middleton, Sky Suspended, p. 147.
372 'Do you think that Germany…?': cited in Irving, Göring, pp. 295–6.
32. The Approach to Battle
373 'In our summer training': cited in Baumer and Reardon, American Iliad, p. 4.
374 'We wanted to go to work…': AI with Tom Bowles.
374 'We hadn't heard from Tom…': AI with Henry Bowles.
376 'Our goal, of course…': Clark, Calculated Risk, p. 13.
376 'Today, I shot down…': cited in Heaton and Lewis, Star of Africa, p. 16.
377 'But the white billowy folds…': Liberty magazine, 29/4/1941.
378 'Today was the toughest day…': Tobin, diary, 15/9/1940, cited in Kershaw, The Few, p. 188.
379 'That was when we in the second wave…': Steinhoff, interview in Heaton and Lewis, German Aces Speak II, p. 134.
379 'I have to admit…': Bethke, diary, 10–16/8/1940, DTA, 652.9.
380 'But I was still scared…': Bamberger, private manuscript.
380 'If Graziani does not attack…': Ciano, Diary, 7/9/1940.
382 'We'll study it when the war is over': cited in Knox, Hitler's Italian Allies, p. 57.
382 'The tank is a powerful tool': cited in ibid., p. 55.
385 'We were so disillusioned…': AI with William Cremonini.
33. Science, Money and Resources
387 'Last night, most of our home…': Cox, diary, 2/10/1940.
388 'I felt Ralph's hand…': ibid.
388 'serious but not crippling': cited in Collier, In Defence of the United Kingdom, p. 256.
389 'I thought to myself…': Kennedy, Business of War, p. 60.
390 'The number of people who talked…': Beasley, Knudsen, p. 262.
392 the Nazis plundered…: figures are cited in Tooze, Wages of Destruction, p. 385.
396 15,049 aircraft…: figures are from Hall and Wrigley, Studies of Overseas Supply; Howlett, Fighting With Figures; and GSWW, Vol. II.
34. The Grey Atlantic
398 Britain had had some 18,911,000…: figures are from Behrens, Merchant Shipping, Appendix VIII, p. 69.
403 a staggering 692 convoys…: figures are from Grove, Defeat of the Enemy Attack, Tables 10 and 12.
405 'The course was quite clear now…': Sevareid, Not So Wild, pp. 181–2.
405 'When all this is over…': ibid., pp. 179–80.
406 'Two hundred airplanes…': cited in Burgwyn, Mussolini Warlord, p. 45.
407 'Hitler places me…': cited in Ciano, Diary, 12/10/1940.
408 'In short, Greece is to the Mediterranean…': cited in Burgwyn, Mussolini Warlord, p. 50.
35. The Humiliation of Mussolini
409 'It was criminal…': Magini, memoir, FADN.
411 'You may be sure…': cited in Cunningham, Sailor's Odyssey, p. 232.
412 'Out here in the Mediterranean…': ibid., p. 233.
413 'was abandoned owing to hydraulic…': TNA AIR 27/606.
413 'This fellow Willkie…': cited in Roll, Hopkins Touch, p. 71.
414 'Early this morning…': cited in Burgwyn, Mussolini Warlord, p. 51.
414 'F. in a rage…': Engel, Heart of the Reich (diary, 28/10/1940).
415 'Two of theirs went down…': Ciano, Diary, 1/11/1940.
416 'As may be imagined…': Cunningham, Sailor's Odyssey, p. 285.
417 'Admirably planned and most gallantly executed': ibid., p. 286.
417 'A black day.': Ciano, Diary, 12/11/1940.
419 'Atlantic trade': Cunningham, Sailor's Odyssey, p. 241.
419 After all, the oilfields of Abadan…: for this assessment, I am grateful to David Edgerton and to Klaus Schmider, 'The Mediterranean in 1940–1941: Crossroads of Lost Opportunity?' War & Society, 15 (1997), 2, pp. 19–41.
421 'Our truck was a friendly…': Martin, Hellfire Tonight, p. 37.
422 'We had total freedom…': ibid., p. 48.
422 'And believe me…': ibid., p. 50.
36. Change of Tack
425 'We got the impression…': cited in Elphick, Liberty, p. 41.
426 'Cable from London…': cited in ibid., p. 47.
426 'It's true you see nothing now…': cited in Heiner, Henry J. Kaiser, p. 117.
427 'What the hell is this?': cited in Heaton and Lewis, Star of Africa, p. 21.
427 'He stole my car…': ibid., p. 23.
428 6,968 deaths and 9,488 seriously injured…: figures are from TNA HO 191/11.
431 'How are we doing?': Time, 6/10/1940.
432 'I'm rather shocked…': cited in Langer and Gleason, Undeclared War, pp. 228–9, and Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries, Vol. 2, pp. 202–3.
433 'He suddenly came out with it…': Sherwood, White House Papers of Harry L. Hopkins, Vol. I, p. 223.
433 'Extraordinary things met us…': Moorehead, African Trilogy, p. 62.
433 'God watch and keep…': ibid., p. 64.
434 'We are trying to fight…': ibid., p. 66.
434 'Hitler is pessimistic…': Ciano, Diary, 18–19/11/1940.
436 'I am convinced that…': Engel, Heart of the Reich (diary, 18/1/1940).
437 'His magnetic presence…': Knocke, I Flew for the Führer (diary, 18/12/1940).
438 'All you have to do…': Wendel, Hausfrau at War, p. 93.
439 'a documentary record…': Schlange-Schöningen, Morning After, p. 137.
439 'Exchange in kind is flourishing…': ibid., p. 159.
Part IV: The Widening War
37. The Vanquished and the Defiant
445 'My compatriots…': cited in Hartog and Kasaboski, Occupied Garden, p. 80.
445 'kindred-blood', 'considerate': GSWW, Vol. V/IA, p. 79.
446 'Do Pétain and Wegand think…': Barlone, French Officer's Diary, 3/7/1940.
446 'It must not speak…': ibid., 5/7/1940.
447 'As for what might happen…': cited in Marcel Ophüls, The Sorrow and the Pity, p. 58
447 'Frenchmen, comrades…': ibid.
448 'I went through what a man…': de Gaulle, War Memoirs: 1940–1942, p. 133.
448 'Maréchal Pétain stood in my country…': Chambrun, I Saw France Fall, p. 106.
450 'If the Germans come…': Knoller, Living with the Enemy, p. 92.
451 'I was rudderless…': ibid., p. 103.
452 'I don't know why…': Luchaire, Ma drôle de vie, p. 107.
452 'Everybody was carefully listening…': ibid., p. 112.
453 'According to Hitler's plans…': cited in Le Chagrin et la pitié (film).
453–4 'We cannot escape…': cited in Sherwood, White House Papers of Harry L. Hopkins, Vol. I, p. 227.
454 'So far the blitz on London…': Pyle, Ernie Pyle in England, p. 27.
454 'There was something inspiring…': ibid., pp. 31–2.
455 'Volumes of rose-pink smoke…': Cox, diary, 30/12/1940.
455 'St Paul's was surrounded by fire…': Pyle, Ernie Pyle in England, pp. 31–2.
455 'Let me give you an illustration…': cited in Sherwood, White House Papers of Harry L. Hopkins, Vol. I, and Roll, Hopkins Touch, p. 76.
456 'Are you going to let Hitler…': cited in Sherwood, White House Papers of Harry L. Hopkins, Vol. I, p. 235.
456 'A rotund – smiling…': cited in Roll, Hopkins Touch, p. 83.
456 'majestic monologues…': This episode is recounted in Lyttelton, Memoirs of Lord Chandos, pp. 165–6.
457 'I shall never forget…': cited in Roll, Hopkins Touch, p. 97.
38. Saved from the Deep
460 'We have just wished Bardia…': Smyth, Abrupt Sierras, p. 125.
460 'This was somewhat different…': ibid., p. 125.
461 'All our nerves were on edge…': Parbery, Alf's War, p. 37.
461 'It was essential…': IWM 2912/02.
462 'They were waiting in groups…': AI with Ted Hardy.
462 'So far none of them…': Martin, diary, 8/2/1941, BA-MA.
463 'The news from the front…': ibid., 1/2/1941.
464 'We wished to do nothing…': Kennedy, Business of War, p. 62.
39. Developments at Sea
467 'Sir, it is not important…': Topp, Odyssey, p. 74.
468 'The naval staff regards…': cited in Warlimont, Inside Hitler's Headquarters, p. 128.
469 'Directive No. 23': Trevor-Roper, Hitler's War Directives, p. 102.
470 126 destroyers…: figures from David J. Lyon, 'The British Order of Battle' in Howarth and Law, Battle of the Atlantic.
471 'A new feeling of intelligent…': Macintyre, U-Boat Killer, p. 19.
472 'The best, or perhaps it was…': Fabbri, memoir, FADN.
472 'I don't rule out the possibility…': ibid.
474 'Only one hour's operational flying…': Bamberger, private manuscript.
475 'Boy, that was close!': This episode is recounted in Mahlke, Memoirs, pp. 165–72.
476 'Everything's splendid with me…': Liddell Hart, Rommel Papers, p. 103.
477 'Never has so much…': Anthony Eden, speech to the House of Commons, 12/2/1941.
479 'I warned my ships to prepare…': Macintyre, U-Boat Killer, p. 29.
479 'I was still of the opinion…': Doenitz, Memoirs, p. 113.
480 'I felt obliged…': ibid., p. 148.
480 'Thank you, Kommandeur…': cited in Robertson, Golden Horseshoe, 1937.
481 'This order is a great…': cited in Doenitz, Memoirs, p. 137.
481 'That was it!'…: Suhren and Brustat-Naval, Teddy Suhren, p. 96.
40. Sea Battles
484 'The U-boat at sea…': WSC, Vol. III, p. 107.
485 'If you regard Hitler as a bull…': Kennedy, Business of War, p. 66.
487 'Hitler has in fact made many mistakes…': this memorandum is produced verbatim in ibid., pp. 83–5.
487 'Do not consider yourselves…': WSC, Vol. III, p. 63.
489 'We then explained…': Christopherson, diaries, 2/2/1941, BA-MA.
489 'Tripoli to Agheila is 471 miles…': cited in WSC, Vol. III, p. 175.
490 'Going through the streets…': Parbery, Alf's War, p. 44.
491 'By this time…': Avon, The Eden Memoirs: The Reckoning, p. 214.
491 'I tried to console him…': Kennedy, Business of War, p. 90.
493 'I was near to despair…': Macintyre, U-Boat Killer, p. 35.
494 'Abandon ship!': cited in Blair, Hitler's U-Boat War, Vol. 1, p. 257.
494 'Have rammed and sunk U-boat…': Macintyre, U-Boat Killer, p. 37.
494 'What a blissful moment…': ibid.
494 'Contact, contact!': ibid.
41. Mixed Fortunes: I
497 'By now we were reduced…': Gino Cappozzo, Breve racconto… Archivio Provinciale di Trento.
497 'It was a month of hellish fights…': ibid.
498 'They had lost all…': Cartwright-Hignett, Three Ladies of Siena, p. 90.
498 'The worst place…': Santaniello, memoir, FADN.
498 'It made my heart thud…': Mazzucato, Un Marinaio, FADN.
500 'The aircraft that was…': ibid.
501 'I was speechless…': ibid., p. 11.
501 'You're a pack of…': Commander Geoffrey Barnard quoting Cunningham, cited in Winton, Cunningham, p. 142.
501 'Director layer sees target…': Cunningham, Sailor's Odyssey, p. 332.
502 On 30 March, Feldmarschall Erhard Milch…: recounted in Irving, Rise and Fall, p. 118.
502 'By themselves a couple of weeks…': Engel, Heart of the Reich (diary, 24/3/1941).
503 'I started this morning!…': Günther Sack, diary, 7/4/1941, DTA.
503 'Our population at home…': ibid., 8/4/1941.
505 'I thought as much…': the following episode is described in Herrmann, Eagle's Wings, pp. 102ff.
42. Forwards and Backwards
509 'We are currently converting…': Hinchliffe, Lent Papers, p. 85.
511 'one Hun destroyed': TNA AIR 4/37.
512 'When I first saw him…': Gibson, Enemy Coast Ahead Uncensored, p. 127.
512 'Head nearly shot off…': ibid., p. 128.
512 3,132 aircraft had been lost…: figures from GSWW, Vol. II, p. 400.
513 'It was a great shock…': IWM 2912/02.
514 'We saw nothing…': Christopherson, diaries, 1–11/4/1941, BA-MA.
514 'The battle still goes on…': ibid., 12/1/1941.
514–15 'I am not surprised…': ibid., 12/4/1941.
515 'On the news tonight…': ibid., 15/4/1941.
516 'Rommel hasn't given us a clear…': Halder, Halder War Diary, 23/4/1941.
518 'The old adage…': Balck, 'The Greeks Surrender', in Ordnung im Chaos, Chapter 11.
518 'I sat, pensively in awe…': ibid., 'Salonika'.
519 'What is going to happen…?': Dahl, Going Solo, p. 123.
520 'I watched spellbound…': ibid., p. 138.
520 'Next to us a 8.8cm…': Günther Sack, diary, 15/4/1941, DTA.
521 'Today, like yesterday…': Parbery, Alf's War, 15/4/1941.
43. Gains and Losses
526 'We had miraculous escapes…': Parbery, Alf's War, p. 52.
526 'and will soon obtain decisive…': Churchill, War Speeches, Vol. 1, 27/4/1941.
527 'Really, he is a remarkable…': Cox, diary, 27/4/1940.
527 'Had they done so…': Balck, 'Larisa', in Ordnung im Chaos, Chapter 11.
528 'Blimey mate, this kite's…': Dahl, Going Solo, p. 152.
528 'We really had the hell of a time…': ibid., p. 185.
528 'If our deficiencies…': Cunningham, Sailor's Odyssey, p. 351.
529 109 Hurricanes in March…: figures from Playfair, Mediterranean and the Middle East, Vol. II, Appendix 7.
530 'It was one of the saddest moments…': Offenberg, Lonely Warrior, p. 69.
530 'leaning forward into France': cited in Richards, Royal Air Force, Vol. I, p. 383.
531 'Well, at first I just felt I wanted…': cited in Kershaw, The Few, p. 205.
532 'One always thinks about…': Bethke, Erinnerungen, p. 139, DTA.
532 'I thought it best to get away…': Offenberg, Lonely Warrior, 5/5/1941, p. 106.
533 'Battles might be won or lost…': WSC, Vol. III, p. 98.
44. Mixed Fortunes: II
536 'These losses were the price…': Cunningham, Sailor's Odyssey, p. 361.
538 'It becomes increasingly clear': Halder, Halder War Diary, 6/5/1941.
539 'as a base for air warfare…': Trevor-Roper, Hitler's War Directives, p. 117.
541 'Rather a hectic day…': Christopherson, diaries, 1/5/1941, BA-MA.
541 'With British artillery fire…': Liddell Hart, Rommel Papers, p. 132.
542 'By overstepping his orders…': cited in Playfair, Mediterranean and the Middle East, Vol. II, p. 157.
542 'Today has been really dreadful…': Martin, diary, 9/5/1941, BA-MA.
543 'What counted was the destruction…': Martin, Hellfire Tonight, pp. 74–5.
544 'I can conceive of no other people…': Moorehead, African Trilogy, p. 128.
544 'We knew the end was coming…': ibid., p. 131.
546 'We had to obey': ibid.
546 'Using our road transport…': Halder, Halder War Diary, 2/4/1941.
548 'We reckoned that such a small island…': Pöppel, Heaven and Hell, p. 54.
45. Mercury Falling
549 'It tells us what to do…': Cox, diary, IWM 24/5/1941.
551 'But up to what point…': Ciano, Diary, 24/4/1941.
551 'We speak at length…': ibid., 6/5/1941.
552 'The tone of the Germans…': ibid., 13/5/1941.
553 'Stand to your arms!': Kippenberger, Infantry Brigadier, p. 52.
553 'The silly fellow…': ibid., p. 54.
556 'Well, they're on time': cited in Woodhouse, Something Ventured, p. 13.
557 'It's a blessed ability…': Pöppel, Heaven and Hell, p. 55.
560 'It's no good…': ibid., p. 56.
560 'Tired and dispirited…': ibid.
561 'nearly all disposed of': Kippenberger, Infantry Brigadier, p. 59.
562 'The news from many quarters…': ibid., p. 71.
562 'I came to dread…': Cunningham, Sailor's Odyssey, p. 372.
563 'We were not really…': ibid., p. 380.
563 'I spoke as reassuringly…': Kippenberger, Infantry Brigadier, p. 76.
564 'Once again, it had been…': Cunningham, Sailor's Odyssey, p. 389.
564 'We put up crosses…': Pöppel, Heaven and Hell, p. 66.
46. Midsummer Heat
567 'Speed! No stops!': Halder, Halder War Diary, 28/1/1941.
567 'Motor vehicle must accomplish everything': cited in GSWW, Vol. IV/I, p. 297.
567 'through the additional amounts…': BA-MA RW19/165, S.295.
568 'The Balkan campaign…': Schell, 'Grundlagen der Motorisierung', pp. 210–29.
570 these factories were producing…: figures are from BA-MA RH8/v1427.
570 Norway, for example, was reliant on…: figures are cited in Collingham, Taste of War, p. 35.
571 'If we take what we need…': cited in Tooze, Wages of Destruction, p. 479.
571 'umpteen millions': cited in Collingham, Taste of War, p. 37.
571 'as experience teaches…': BA-MA RW19/473, S.167.
47. Industrial Potential
572 'The virtual entry into the war…': BA-MA RW19/473, S.167.
572 'The Americans can manufacture…': cited in Irving, Rise and Fall, p. 127.
573 'If they are shut down…': Beasley, Knudsen, p. 270.
574 'The hard difficulty now…': cited in Klein, Call to Arms, p. 137.
575 'When I realize that the hours…': cited in Beasley, Knudsen, p. 307.
576 'Progress in California…': cited in Elphick, Liberty, p. 54.
576 'In other words, nothing…': ibid., p. 56.
577 'If de Gaulle's people do anything…': cited in Spears, Fulfilment of a Mission, p. 37.
578 '1. Thank you…': cited in ibid., p. 77.
582 'The reality was a series…': Martin, Hellfire Tonight, pp. 79–80.
582 'The PM is gravely disappointed…': Colville, Fringes of Power, Vol. 1, 1/6/1941.
582 'We don't seem to be able…': Christopherson, diaries, 19/6/1941, BA-MA.
582 'We had a most interesting…': ibid., 13/6/1941.
583 'My belief in God…': Günther Sack, diary, 1/6/1941.
583–4 'We are at a decision point…': translation by David Zabecki (unpublished).
584 'Once Russia is subdued…': Balck, 'Russia', Chapter 11, translation by David Zabecki (unpublished).
584 'The Ural Mountains…': Luck, Panzer Commander, p. 65.
48. Trouble at the Top
585 'The Royal Canadian Navy…': cited in Milner, Battle of the Atlantic, p. 65.
586 Three confirmed sinkings within…: in Suhren's memoirs, he confuses his first patrol with his third. The description of the attack on the Gibraltar convoy did, in fact, take place during the forty-seven-day third patrol begun on 16 September.
587 'The decisive factor in the war…': Doenitz, Memoirs, p. 153.
588 'He sounds a tired and…': Colville, Fringes of Power, Vol. 1, 29/5/1941.
588 'I suppose you realize…': Kennedy, Business of War, p. 133.
589 'When we operate our air cover…': ibid., p. 130.
590–1 'It is an awful thought…': cited in Overy, Bombing War, p. 267.
592 'One thing is clear…': Tedder, With Prejudice, p. 126.
592 'Well, it's probably a good thing…': cited in ibid., p. 133.
592 a further 394 aircraft…: figures from Playfair, Mediterranean and the Middle East, Vol. II, Appendix 7.
593 'By this final demonstration…': cited in Sherwood, White House Papers of Harry L. Hopkins, Vol. I, p. 304.
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