Chapter 4:
Take Charge of the Change
Considering change is difficult for almost everyone. People get used to behaving in a certain way, and doing things differently isn't easy. However, the DUI arrest was a wakeup call for Anna, the teacher (Chapter 2) who lost her driver's license after driving home from a dinner party at her friend's house. Fortunately, the alcohol-education classes she had to attend included a psychological assessment that spotted her depression and anxiety symptoms. "At first I didn't believe it, but thinking back, it all made sense," Anna recalled. She started working with a therapist on a plan to treat those symptoms. At the same time, since she'd thought about her drinking before, she felt ready to make changes in her drinking. She'd never considered plans for such a change prior to her arrest, although she did occasionally wonder whether other people drank the way she did. Since her arrest, she quickly went from never thinking about her drinking to thinking that it was hurting her more than helping her, and finally to working on a plan for drinking less.
The Discussion
There are many different perspectives about how people change excessive behavior, but one of the most popular is the Transtheoretical Model of Change (TTM). In the TTM, psychologists James Prochaska and Carlo DiClemente suggest that different people have different degrees of readiness to change. They describe five main phases or stages of readiness to change: pre-contemplation (no real thought about change); contemplation (ready to weigh pros and cons of change); preparation (ready to make a plan for change); action (working on the change plan); and maintenance (ready to monitor and maintain changes). For example, Marlene, the working wife and mother from Chapter 1 and Chapter 3, has said she doesn't want to change her drinking routine, and doesn't see a problem with how much she's consuming (she's in pre-contemplation). In contrast, alcohol's severe impact on Anna's life has triggered more readiness to reduce her drinking—she's already thinking up a plan (she's in preparation) and deciding on some drinking goals.
Goal Development
Goals are about deciding what you want to do, from not changing at all, to changing a little bit by drinking less, to changing drastically and eliminating alcohol completely. Although all these goals are legitimate, it's actually much harder to just modify drinking than it is to abstain, especially for people who have more severe problems with drinking. Goals also are about when you want to start—now or in six months? Sometimes wiggle room is helpful. For example, you could plan to reduce drinking from seven days a week to six for a month to see how it feels. If that works, maybe a month later you drink five days a week. For some, it's a step at a time; for others, cold turkey is the way to go.
Research suggests that understanding someone's readiness to change is important for identifying appropriate ways to help. Forcing a change when someone isn't ready can backfire. Scientific studies show that readiness to change behavior, whether it is smoking, drinking, drugging, or something else, affects later success for that change. A recent meta-analysis of 39 studies including more than 8,000 patients and reported in the Journal of Clinical Psychology confirms this readiness effect is especially true for female patients. A recent U.K. study published in Addiction also found that people who progressed through the stages of readiness ultimately had improved drinking outcomes.
Although Anna is making some concrete plans for reducing her drinking and to start working on those plans, pushing Marlene to do the same at this moment is likely to end poorly. The best chance for success begins with knowing where you probably are on the readiness spectrum and choosing an approach that feels right. People who are less ready might consider less intense options, like researching the problem or weighing pros and cons; those who are more ready might start making plans for change in the future; and those who are most ready might start executing some of their plans for change. The "right" path for one person may be wrong for another. So, how ready are you for change?
Select the option that best describes how you feel right now:
I never think about my drinking.
Sometimes I think about drinking less.
I have decided to drink less.
I already am trying to cut back on my drinking.
I changed my drinking. I now do not drink or drink less than before.
The response options line up with the TTM readiness to change phases. If you picked 1, you might be in pre-contemplation. Depending on how much you drink, and how you drink, this means you might want to consider giving your drinking some more thought—explore some more about women and alcohol, and excessive drinking. Where do you fit on the drinking continuum? If you picked 2, you're probably in contemplation. This means you're already thinking about your drinking and possibly thinking about change. You might think about the specific pros and cons of cutting back and for continuing to drink the way you do. What about the difficulties you might have with your decision to change or not? If you picked 3, you're likely in preparation. This means you have a plan and might start looking into what it will take to execute that plan and the potential challenges you might face. Think about your strengths that will help you meet your plan's goal. If you picked 4, you're in action. This means that you're in the midst of some important changes and it will take vigilance to see them through. Take note of the successes you have, and consider rewarding yourself in some way when you repeat successes. Think about seeking out appropriate social support for the changes you are making. Finally, if you picked 5, you've made a change and you're in maintenance. Your work isn't done. As you'll see in later chapters, there are ways to minimize your risk for upsetting the changes you've made. Continued focus on maintaining your change will help you stick with your goal.
Take time with the stages. Although successful change is associated with greater readiness, don't be frustrated if you don't move smoothly from stage to stage. You might even have some setbacks that affect your progress through the stages. Moving through the stages is rarely a straight path and sometimes people revisit the same stage more than once. Chapter 5 provides some more clues that can help you to improve your readiness to change.
Chapter 5:
Maximize Your Motivation
Discussions of readiness to change often go hand in hand with discussions about motivation. Motivation is an important aspect of change, but tapping into it can be a real challenge. Emma, Kate's college roommate (Chapter 3), started drinking at age 14. She came from a drinking family where her father finished half a bottle of Scotch a few times a week. He'd fight with her mother after drinking as a way to avoid confronting difficult issues like finances. This type of coping may provide short-term relief, but the long-term consequences can be devastating. Emma also binges and uses alcohol as a coping mechanism (a poor one) when she faces difficulties such as conflict or bad grades. She goes out and parties to blow off steam when she's angry with a friend. Lately, she feels she's had one too many binges and hangovers after fights with her boyfriend. She's started to think about drinking less, but she feels ambivalent. Drinking helps block out uncomfortable feelings and thoughts related to school, friends, and her relationship. She really wishes she could go on drinking without experiencing any consequences.
The Discussion
The decision to change your drinking is always yours, and that responsibility can be tough. Many people waver back and forth when making big life decisions—and altering drinking behavior often is a major change. You might look forward to the change—and at the same time dread it. It takes time and effort to work through this ambivalence, which is normal. Intrinsic motivation, which is inner drive for action, is a key element in taking control of drinking. Sometimes motivation can be blocked, other times you might not feel like you have enough. Either way, it is important to maximize motivation—practitioners refer to this as motivational enhancement. Resistance reduction and motivation building techniques are appropriate for a broad range of people and can help build people's readiness to change.
To start, it is important to understand that it is OK to feel ambivalence, and you can use those feelings to your advantage. It might seem strange, but try giving yourself permission to acknowledge the benefits of continuing your drinking. After all, since this decision is yours, it is important to weigh all the possible options. Now, take a moment to recall that, for women, frequent drinking is associated with breast cancer. Describe how you came to the decision that it is OK to put yourself at increased risk for breast cancer. Likewise, you might consider thinking about what it might feel like to get arrested. As noted in Chapter 2, women are getting DUI arrests more now than ever before. Try to reconcile the benefits of continuing frequent drinking with these risks.
Motivational interviewing is one of the most studied and well-accepted types of clinical intervention for excessive drinking. This technique helps enhance motivation by getting people to consider the ambivalence that they might be feeling and to work to resolve it. A randomized clinical trial of college women published in Psychology of Addictive Behaviors in 2008 found that even a single session of motivation enhancement can improve drinking outcomes, such as reduction in drinks per week and maximum number of drinks consumed, and in harmful alcohol consequences. A study of elderly primary care patients published in Substance Use & Misuse in 2003 found that brief motivational enhancement intervention reduced alcohol consumption.
Emma mostly feels annoyed when she thinks about her drinking. She suspects it might be a problem, but also doesn't want to give it up. Being a practical person, she decides that it might be important to think it through systematically. When she's done, Emma still doesn't quite know how she wants to handle it, but feels a bit better trying to sort out her thoughts.
Decision Balance Chart
Try to list the advantages and disadvantages for both keeping your drinking the same as it is now and for reducing your drinking.
Decision Advantages Disadvantages
Keeping my drinking the same 1.
2.
3.
4. 1.
2.
3.
4.
Reducing my drinking 1.
2.
3.
4. 1.
2.
3.
4.
How can you explore and capitalize on your own ambivalence to enhance your motivation? Motivational enhancement techniques have developed a number of tools for this process. One way is to figure out where there might be some discrepancies between how things are and how you want things to be. For people who prefer visual tools, try to make a pie chart that illustrates how much space in your life work, family, friends, hobbies and other activities, and alcohol occupy. Is this the balance you really want? Alternatively, a writing tool could help you picture what your life will be like in five years if you drastically reduce or eliminate alcohol—or don't. Compose two futuristic letters to a friend, as if you are writing five years from now—one where your drinking continued into the future, the other where you stopped drinking. How is your life different in five years?
Lastly, if you have decided that changing your drinking is something that you want to pursue, here are some general issues for you to consider. Identifying positive aspects of change can be associated with success. This is especially true for strengthening commitment to change. What are your top five reasons for wanting to change (e.g., I want to…)? What are your top five strengths that will allow you to make a change (e.g., I can…)? What are your top five reasons for seeking change (I should because…)? And, what are your top five commitments for change (e.g., I will…)?
Chapter 6:
Consider How You Cope
Sarah, the Gulf War veteran (Chapter 2 and Chapter 3), learned poor coping skills, such as using alcohol to deal with PTSD symptoms. Sarah found that sometimes it's easier to drink to the point of blacking out rather than deal with insomnia, agitation, and nightmares. These problems "go away" when she blacks out—but only for a little while. Emma, the college student (Chapter 3 and Chapter 5) who came from a drinking family, learned to use alcohol to deal with conflict and conflict-related stress, just as her father did. She feels urges to drink and party whenever she perceives friction or frustration on the horizon. Alcohol distracts her and sometimes diffuses the conflict. However, drinking also prevents problem solving. The underlying causes of the conflict still remain.
The Discussion
Different people can have different reasons for drinking. Some think it adds fun to a night out; others want to fit in with their crowd or think alcohol makes them more social. When the motivation for drinking is to cope, however, it can be especially problematic.
The link between stress and drinking is strongest among people who use poor coping strategies. A study of Dutch men and women in Addiction during 2007 determined that people who use emotion-focused coping styles (i.e., managing emotions) tend to drink more after experiencing a stressful event. In contrast, those who adopt positive coping strategies such as action (e.g., strategizing solutions) and cognitive (e.g., modifying thoughts) coping do not show a strong stress-drinking link. A study of college students in Psychology of Addictive Behaviors during 2010 found drinking to cope with negative affect (feelings or emotions) is associated with direct consequences, like academic/occupational problems and risky behaviors, regardless of how much someone drinks.
Drinking to cope isn't uncommon; some people have a tendency to do it naturally. On the other hand, others learn to use drinking as a coping device over time. For some people, turning to alcohol to handle strong emotions and experiences, such as being passed over for a promotion or breaking up with a boyfriend, can lead to cravings for alcohol when they find themselves in similar situations. People can learn that, in the short run, alcohol alleviates uncomfortable feelings. The link between such uncomfortable feelings and cravings for alcohol can become automatic and powerful. Yet that automatic link can be broken. People can retrain themselves to cope in healthy ways, respond differently to stress, and reduce the likelihood that uncomfortable feelings will stimulate cravings to drink. A study in Psychology of Addictive Behaviors during 2010 found that a computerized self-administered coping skills training task was associated with reduced drinking later on.
Sarah tends to have a lot of automatic negative thoughts when things get tough. To get out of this pattern, she first needed to train herself to recognize when she was doing it. Then she needed to practice to avoid this negative tendency. Because stress often stems from ruminating about bad things that happen (thinking about those bad things over and over again), one task is to find new ways to think positive instead. Try to be actively aware of the good things that occur. Do this by slowing down your thinking and slowing down your acting. Brainstorm possible solutions to your problem and consider any consequences that might occur for your different solutions. After you've done this, then take action. If things didn't turn out the way you predicted, you can always reassess and make another change. Learning to do this, instead of reacting automatically with drinking, will take time and practice if you typically depend on drinking to cope. But it is possible.
Another aspect of coping is resilience in the face of difficulty. How much resilience do you typically have under stress? Consider how much each of these statements from the Brief Resilient Coping Scale describe you:
I look for creative ways to alter difficult situations.
Regardless of what happens to me, I believe I can control my reaction to it.
I believe I can grow in positive ways by dealing with difficult situations.
I actively look for ways to replace the losses I encounter in life.
People who consider that these items provide a fairly good description of themselves tend to have higher positive personal coping resources and psychological well-being, like positive affect. They also have less of a tendency toward maladaptive coping, like feelings of helplessness. If you don't believe that these items describe you well, you might consider using them as a guide for responding to future stressful situations. For instance, rather than drinking, try to think of creative ways to change difficult situations, or actively look for ways to replace the losses you encounter in life.
Chapter 7:
Reach Out
Anna's DUI came as a huge surprise to her coworkers and friends; they never suspected she might have an alcohol problem. She's divorced and there's no adult in the household to observe her habits. She shows up at school to teach every day, but other adults don't necessarily observe her classroom performance. Embarrassed about her arrest, as part of her plan for changing her drinking, Anna finally decided to seek help and talk to her primary care physician during her annual physical. Despite the recommendation that doctors screen all of their patients for alcohol use problems, her doctor never asked her about alcohol consumption. She just blurted it out at the end of her recent visit.
The Discussion
A great deal of stigma is still associated with women's alcohol use and intoxication. This enduring double standard makes it harder for women to get help. Because their drinking problems are less likely to be recognized than men's, women must be proactive to get attention. One way to start is to raise the drinking issue with physicians, family members, spiritual leaders, and/or employee assistance programs (EAPs) in the workplace. Many people have trouble asking for help, in general, and starting the conversation can be especially difficult when dealing with a problem that can make you feel ashamed. Simple strategies can overcome embarrassment and help you feel more in control. Reaching out also will help you solidify your commitment to change.
A study published in Psychiatric Services in 2001 covered data for over 1,000 patients. Only 13.9% of those who reported hazardous drinking received counseling. Men (25.5%) were significantly more likely to receive counseling than women (4.5%). An earlier 1997 study in the Harvard Review of Psychiatry reported that women are less likely to be identified as having alcohol problems in physician evaluations.
Gender differences are occasionally apparent in the workplace as well. Analyses of actual EAP contact records published in the Journal of Workplace Behavioral Health during 2011 suggests women are more likely than men to use EAPs. However, men are more likely than women to use EAPs for alcohol problems and to be referred to EAPs, in general. Identification of problems and referrals for female employees depend, in part, on supervisors' attitudes, according to a 1987 study from Journal of Studies on Alcohol. Supervisors with more egalitarian attitudes were likelier to identify women problem drinkers and steer them to help. More supervisors referred male problem drinkers (40%) than female problem drinkers (26%).
Empower yourself by preparing in advance to meet with a doctor, spiritual leader, or other influential person. For example, write down questions to ask. Otherwise it's easy to forget them or have trouble communicating what you want to say in the heat of the moment. You might ask a physician, "How will drinking affect my stomach (or liver or weight or energy)?" or, "Do you think drinking makes people depressed?" At the doctor's office, real-time strategies include using pamphlets on the table or posters on the wall as icebreakers. Just point and ask, "Have you treated people who have problems with this?" Or, "How have you helped people with alcohol issues?" As the doctor responds, he/she thinks of you and why you're asking—and a conversation has begun. Be blunt with: "This is embarrassing for me, but I think I may drink too much." A daily health journal, recording your drinking and related information (like emotions and events), can be a helpful tool to organize your thoughts, if you like writing.
Chapter 8:
Choose Help Wisely
There are many different paths to change, and the best choice for one person might not fit for another. Marlene's husband has continued to push her to stop drinking completely and even suggests she begin therapy. His persistence is counterproductive—too much, too soon—and creates more conflict in their marriage. Their fights make Marlene want to drink more. Marlene never experienced this urge before. Marlene is not ready to make such big changes in her drinking. Although she reluctantly agrees to see a therapist, she views the sessions as overkill. Eventually she stops going. Instead, she makes an agreement with herself to limit drinking to one glass of wine four nights a week instead of seven nights. She is able to stick to this agreement and feels it's worth it to have peace in her home.
Sarah, who drinks more heavily than Marlene, has tried Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) and (although she liked aspects of it) decided it wasn't for her. She didn't feel comfortable being herself at the local AA group. The only other woman who attended the meeting told her about Women for Sobriety, a nonprofit organization offering self-help groups exclusively for women. Now she attends Women for Sobriety as often as possible.
The Discussion
AA is best for some people, including some women. But many other choices are also available, including natural recovery, self-help, other group-based help, counseling, pharmacotherapy, and web-based options. Women-focused treatment, which can have better outcomes for women than mixed-sex treatment, might be a good fit. However, it might take some trial and error to find a good solution for you. Evidence suggests women have more success with some approaches than others. Programs successful with women might be a good place to start, although that doesn't mean you have to stick with one of them.
Studies are scarce on matching treatment with readiness to change, but some, including a 1996 publication from Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, have suggested appropriate interventions for varying stages of readiness. Similarly, different types of treatments or activities have varying success depending on personal characteristics like personality, age, and ethnicity. Some research, including a study in Addiction from 2010, suggests that matching patients (especially female patients) to a particular treatment (motivational enhancement versus cognitive behavioral therapy, for example) based on their motivation can improve treatment outcomes. Many researchers are still studying the importance of treatment matching; however, think back to what you learned about yourself in Chapter 4 and consider what it might mean for your choices. Also, evidence related to women-only versus mixed-gender treatment is inconsistent. Although some evidence suggests limited benefits, a 2011 Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment study of female help-seekers found women-only treatment was associated with less substance use and criminal activity than mixed-gender treatment one year later. One study in Alcohol and Alcoholism reported during 2011 that women-only treatment might reduce mortality rates among women suffering from alcohol use disorders.
Practitioners are still trying to find the best paths to wellness and recovery after excessive drinking. A growing movement toward "evidence-based practices" has ensured that a lot of treatment options undergo rigorous scientific testing. Selecting an option that is evidence-based will increase the likelihood that you will choose a path with the best available support for successful change.
During 2002, William Miller published a review of all available evaluated treatment options, which he called the Mesa Grande. This table summarizes the top 25 treatment and intervention types that he identified. The top treatments had the strongest scientific evidence base, as well as good outcomes for helping people with excessive drinking. If you consider one of the approaches listed in this table, you can be assured that you are picking an evidence-based option. However, it also is true that some helpful options not included in this table might be effective, but just haven't been tested yet.
Mesa Grande Top 25 Evidence-based Practices for Excessive Drinking1
Type of Treatment or Intervention Example
Brief intervention Brief advice given in one or two sessions
Motivational enhancement Brief counseling to build motivation
GABA agonist Medication, acamprosate
Opiate antagonist Medication, naltrexone
Social skills training Modeling and coaching appropriate interpersonal behavior
Community reinforcement Eliminating positive reinforcement of drinking and supporting positive reinforcement of non-drinking
Behavior contracting Contract between parties to curb drinking
Behavioral marital therapy Focus on improving communication and conflict resolution within a relationship
Case management Coordinated care for assessment treatment and recovery
Self-monitoring Drinking diary
Cognitive therapy Identification and redirection of dysfunctional thinking
Client-centered counseling Non-directive talk therapy
Disulfiram Medication, Antabuse
Aversion therapy, apneic Medication, succinylcholine chloride
Covert sensitization Pairing drinking with unpleasant imagery
Acupuncture Eastern medicine practice using needles at key pressure points
Aversion therapy, nausea Medication, Antabuse
Self-help Manuals or books
Self-control training Behavioral counseling on self-control
Minnesota Model Abstinence-oriented multifaceted treatment based on Alcoholics Anonymous
Exercise Running or other physical conditioning
Stress management Skills training focusing on handling stress
Family therapy Inclusion of family members in treatment
Aversion therapy, electric Discomforting physical stimulus
Twelve-step facilitation Mutual help, like Alcoholics Anonymous
As you weigh the options available to you, keep in mind that treatment-related change only is partially related to treatment technique. In fact, other factors, including placebo effects, therapist effects (such as the empathy the therapist expresses), and things outside the treatment context (like family dynamics, personality, education, etc.) affect whether someone reaches their change goals. So, even if you feel like one approach might be better for you, be aware of how other factors might influence your progress.
Chapter 9:
Reassess Your Social Network
Kate's friends, including Emma, get her into trouble by reinforcing her unhealthy alcohol patterns, such as weekend bingeing. She's at risk of flunking out of college, yet her pals tell her, "This is just another reason to go out and drink. You're feeling too much stress. Don't worry about it so much." They undermine her whenever she makes a decision to change, playfully pressuring her to join them. She hesitates to say no because she doesn't have any other friends—and these guys have her back! (Don't they?) After going out one night when she really needed to study, Kate failed her final exam. She needs to let go of her bingeing network and get involved with healthier activities like the drama club, which she loved during high school.
Anna told her friends about her DUI. Some were understanding and concerned. Other friends told her it was just a fluke she got caught. They suggested that a lot of people drive after a drink or two, and people exaggerate how quickly drinking affects driving. How else do people get home after a night out? They suggested that she didn't have a serious problem and was overreacting. Comments like these helped Anna to see these friends in a new light—even some she'd known for years. Ultimately, she realized that having people in her life who did not take her efforts to cut back seriously created a lot of doubts for herself. These doubts made it more difficult for her to stick to her plan for change. Her time with Women for Sobriety has led to some new friendships, which she is working to build and strengthen.
The Discussion
Women's social networks influence drinking behavior and change. Friends can help or hinder recognition of an alcohol problem, seeking help, involvement in treatment, and long-term recovery. You might think you have a solid network, but really what you have in common is your drinking habits. The challenge is to manage and minimize destructive relationships. Kate has started questioning her network, which is interfering with her dream of getting a college degree. On the other hand, Anna is a step ahead. She has worked hard to develop different friends she can count on, and she makes time for herself. She says, "If I don't, I'll fall back into old habits. I feel more in control of my life now."
Research suggests women's social networks can create barriers to change—encouraging them to drink even when they are trying to reduce or stop drinking. The fewer drinkers in your life, the better your chances of initiating and maintaining change. "Pro-drinkers" (people who don't necessarily drink themselves but encourage you to continue to do so) can be dangerous, too. An analysis of Project MATCH, published in the Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs during 2012, reported that people with social networks including more pro-drinkers do worse when trying to change their drinking. But people with social networks including more pro-abstainers do better. A 2004 review published in Psychology of Addictive Behaviors suggests that having even one friend who drinks in your social network increases your chances of relapse. Results of a clinical trial of socially focused treatment, published in the Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology in 2007, found that people can change their social networks—and that positive changes predict better drinking outcomes over time.
If you are thinking about change, it is important to consider the role that drinkers and pro-drinkers play in your life. Women are especially sensitive to the impact of their social networks. For some people, making a successful change will require seeing less of certain friends and entirely letting go of others. To start, try the following task, a modification of the Important People and Activities Instrument.
During the time you drank the most, who were the four most important people in your life?
During the time you drank the least, or more responsibly, who were the four most important people in your life?
For each person, think about whether they are pro-drinkers, or pro-responsibility/abstainers.
Are your networks different? Why, or why not?
If you don't feel comfortable with totally avoiding your drinking friends, make plans with them to do things that will not include drinking. If your friends are good friends, whether alcohol is part of the plans or not shouldn't matter. If all you really have in common with your friends is drinking, you'll find out pretty quickly, and at that time you can reevaluate whether the friendship is valuable to you. Check out Concluding Thoughts: Nurture Yourself and Maintain Your Change for tips related to avoiding and escaping drinking situations. Don't dismiss the importance of your social network and what changing your social network can do to help you change your drinking. Research recently published in Addiction suggests that one of the primary reasons that groups like AA have positive effects on reducing drinking is that people who attend are more likely to change their social networks to include fewer pro-drinkers and more pro-responsibility/abstainers. This means that in addition to leaving some people behind, you should try to be proactive about developing new (or revisiting older), healthier relationships.
Chapter 10:
Use Mind/Body Strategies for Change
Since joining Women for Sobriety, Sarah has made other important decisions. For example, she now incorporates exercise in her daily life. Running burns the nervous energy she often feels, and tires her out, which helps her sleep better. Getting into running was tough at first, and she initially started with walks around the block. She gradually increased activity. Exercising at least 30 minutes a day fills her time and creates distraction. She feels good physically and psychologically after a run and finds her cravings for alcohol aren't as strong as they used to be. When she does get a strong urge to drink, she tries to fit in a run. This new pattern reflects the basics of her Women for Sobriety group, which often discusses nutrition and physical fitness.
Emma understood that her drinking to cope created more problems than it solved. In addition to prolonging arguments with others, like her boyfriend, she also noticed that it made her feel run down and lazy. During her freshman year at college, she picked up more bad habits, including poor eating habits. Over the course of the year she gained 15–20 pounds. Ultimately she decided to do something about it and decided to spend more time thinking about what she was putting into her body. As she paid more attention to her eating, this created some spillover for her drinking. Her efforts to be more conscious about all her consumption have started to pay off, as she's losing unwanted weight and feeling better about herself. At the same time, Emma started writing a journal. In her journal she finds that she can be creative and reflective about many different ideas.
The Discussion
Wellness, fitness, and healthy dietary choices help prevent relapse and propel long-term change, whether the goal is just losing a few pounds or completely eliminating alcohol from your life. Chapter 3 discussed a few ways that poor wellness could contribute to ongoing problems with alcohol, including reduced productivity and increased lethargy. From small changes to increase wellness, like cutting back on diet soda, to large changes, like stopping smoking, improving wellness will help you cut back on drinking, if that is your goal.
Research on wellness training is promising. One 2010 study published in Professional Psychology: Research and Practice found that a 15-week wellness training was associated with improved social and emotional functioning, mental health, and general health, including physical functioning and physical pain experiences among military veterans. This training provided information and education related to stress management, exercise, nutrition, sleep habits, substance use, and activity promotion, such as promoting community resource use. Studies like this one suggest that improving wellness might provide important personal benefits that will help manage any alcohol changes you might be considering.
Whether you have decided to cut back a little or a lot, improving things like the way you eat, sleep, and exercise (and even engaging in creative tasks) can help you achieve your drinking goal. A study of people in outpatient alcohol treatment published in Addictive Behaviors during 2009 found those who exercised achieved greater durations of abstinence during treatment than those who were sedentary. Nutritional therapy also has been found to improve overall wellness among drinkers who seek help. A 2011 pre-post study in Alcohol and Alcoholism found the participants altered food intake and food choices in healthy ways.
Other new approaches have shown promise, as well. A recent randomized clinical trial suggested that Mindful Awareness in Body-oriented Therapy (MABT), for example, is associated with a number of important direct and indirect alcohol recovery outcomes among women. Some of these included the number of days women were able to abstain from alcohol, even three months after treatment, and eating disorder, depression, and anxiety symptoms. MABT is a type of therapy that includes both physical (i.e., massage) and mental (e.g., mindfulness training) aspects to promote positive emotion regulation. One goal of MABT is to improve women's awareness of mind-body connections.
My Personal Wellness Plan
Your personal wellness can impact your drinking. Think about 12 goals for each of the following areas:
Exercise
1. To get more exercise, I will:
2. To improve my physical health, I will:
Nutrition
1. To make healthier eating choices, I will:
2. For a better diet, I will consider cutting out:
Sleep
1. To get more sleep, I will:
2. To improve the quality of my sleep, I will:
Personal fulfillment (e.g., creative pursuits)
1. One thing I've always wanted to try is:
2. I'd feel more fulfilled if I could:
Lifestyle (e.g., new activities)
1. One interesting community group I will try is:
2. One activity I will build into my weekly schedule is:
If you have decided to try to reduce your drinking, don't forget to give some thought about positive changes you might make beyond your drinking. Even if some of those changes might not seem directly related to your drinking, they could have positive effects in ways you haven't previously thought possible.
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