We set off for Delphi from Athens that morning. The reason we had the road to ourselves was visibly running down the windows of the car, and invisibly buffeting us, so that we slewed sometimes through the puddles on the broken tarmac. Three of us were novelists and the fourth my wife, who yields to no novelist in eloquence. But we were more and more silent as the rain poured down. Though we might have taken comfort in the fact that we were not on horseback, wrapped in sodden cloaks or stumping through the mud with sandals and a stick, we were soft people who liked sunlight, and Greece was grey and wet and windy. The winding road past Cithaeron, where Oedipus was exposed as a baby (poor Oedipus if it was raining), was dangerous with mud. And halfway up, the rain was joined by mist. The road to Delphi has always been dangerous, but never more than now.
It was evening as we began the last thirty or so miles through the mountains. Of all Greek regions, this one has the aptest name—and the most forbidding—Sterea Hellas, which may be translated as Barren Greece. Here what you see is never soft or human, but always gaunt and remote, a land fit for eagles. Where the mountains are accessible for pasturing, the lambs and kids are always guarded lest birds of prey swoop on them. What villages there are, are either the centres of small valleys where a few olives grow, or airy places hung on the sides of cliffs—with, you would think, little reason for being where they are and no resources to fill the pockets and stomachs of the inhabitants.
I felt all this harshness as we rolled and slid on our way, though I could see little of it. To take my mind off the road, I shut my eyes and thought of Delphi, the place we were travelling to see. It is right, perhaps, that one's first approach to Delphi should emphasize remoteness and inconvenience, because here, in the great days of the place, men came on sufferance. The glimpses we were getting were of the skirts of Parnassus—not so much a mountain as a mountain range, and all sacred to Apollo. No good road crosses it. It lies at the hard heart of Barren Greece, dividing the east from the west. At the southern end of the range, Delphi lies right against the face of the mountain.
Yet, I thought to myself, Apollo was only a kind of front man at Delphi. Greek religion came in layers, each age superimposed on an obscurer and more savage one. The layers existed together, since nothing is as conservative as religion. Dig down, and just below the surface you come on human sacrifice and, at the bottom, traces of cannibalism. Also, everywhere, you come on the fact that the religion of primitive Greece was a woman's religion, worship of the Great Mother, the Earth Mother. The male gods came in later, between 2,000 and 1,000 BC. They were energetic and brash, but men knew, uneasily, what was the ancient goddess's due. At Delphi, though Apollo was officially in charge, the oracle was given by a village woman, the Pythia; and she was said to be thrown into a trance by a vapour that rose out of the Earth Mother, a cleft in the earth. Apollo had taken over the oracle. Men said he found a snake there and killed it. What the women said is not recorded. They may have smiled discreetly, knowing in their bones what recent archaeology has revealed as fact—that small clay statuettes of the Earth Mother found in this part of the world date as far back as ten thousand years before Apollo was even heard of.
When Zeus wanted to find the centre of his new estate, the earth, he let a dove fly from either hand, at opposite points of the rim, and they met at Delphi. He was right, in a way. Whichever road you use to reach Delphi, you reach at last a place beyond which you cannot go. You find yourself, you find Delphi, leaning up against the marble knees of Mount Parnassus, as though listening for some communication from the mysterious heart of the earth. It is a locked door. Any advance must be on another plane, an emotional one, a spiritual one.
*
The silence in the car had lasted half an hour. Peter, who was driving, cleared his throat. 'What's everybody thinking about?'
'Delphi. I was busy believing the legends.'
But Peter knows the classics by heart. 'Let's face it,' he said, 'Delphi became famous in the same way that restaurants, theatres and spas have done—under the immediate patronage of royalty.'
I thought about that as we negotiated a snake-like descent of hysterical complexity. Croesus, King of Lydia, was a man of a thoroughly scientific turn of mind. When he came to the throne he looked for a reliable source of information about the future—wisely, since he proposed to be a conqueror, a notoriously tricky profession.
He decided to conduct an experiment. He sent the same question to every oracle, instructing his messengers to wait until a certain hour of a certain day before they asked it. At the appointed time he shut himself away, and with his own royal hands cut up and cooked a lamb and a tortoise in a bronze pot. The question the messengers asked the oracles at that very moment was: 'What is Croesus, King of Lydia, doing now?'
Most of the oracles came out of the test badly, but Delphi performed the apparently impossible. Its answer was clear:
The smell has come to my sense
of a hard-shelled tortoise
Boiling and bubbling with lamb's
flesh in a bronze pot
This convinced Croesus, and he adopted the oracle. Lydia was rich in gold, and the presents he sent were of fabulous magnificence: 117 gold ingots each nine inches wide, three inches thick and eighteen inches long; mixing bowls, casks, sprinklers, basins, all of gold or silver; a gold statue of a woman four and a half feet high; necklaces and girdles for the Pythia; a golden lion that weighed nearly a quarter of a ton. There was no wealth anywhere like it, outside the tomb of an Egyptian pharaoh.
Croesus also sent the reason for it all—the next, the crucial question. His empire bordered on the vast empire of Persia, and he wanted to know whether to declare war on Persia.
'If Croesus declares war,' said the oracle with finality, 'he will overthrow an empire.'
So Croesus promptly invaded Persia and was defeated. His next message to Apollo was reproachful. But the priests of the oracle waved it aside, saying: 'The god said you would overthrow an empire and so you did. You overthrew your own.'
I spoke my thought aloud. 'Apollo doesn't come out of the Croesus business very well.'
'Ah,' said Peter, 'you think of him as a gentleman. He wasn't. He played the lyre, not cricket. Seduction, rape, blind animosity or arbitrary favouritism—you misunderstand the nature of the gods.'
We were silent again. I thought, this time, of the gods, and felt a kind of desire to placate them. It would be like them to burst one of our tyres, or to carve a piece out of the road on the edge of a precipice. But it was a comforting thought in our grinding, skidding car, that in time the gods had suffered more than the men. The old, thunderously selfish answers from the oracles took on a note of querulousness. An ethical tinge appeared in them, as if the gods had been listening to the playwrights and philosophers, or had even got religion. But at last, like an administration on its final legs, listlessly patching things up but unable to achieve the radical change necessary, the gods tottered towards their end. Long before Christianity was born, Delphi was in decay.
We were there at last. We slid around a corner, and ancient Delphi lay above us and below. There was no moon, but even in the starlight we could see the ascending levels of ruins, foundations, walls, heaps of stones and broken columns.
We stopped for a few moments to look. The ruins climbed up away from us until at the top they lay against a sheer cliff. Below us were more ruins, then the darkness of the valley. The air was still, and the only sound was the dashing of water from the Spring of Castalia, where once the enquirers purified themselves before asking their questions. The cliffs at the top were the Phaedriades, and even in that starlight they seemed to justify their ancient name—Shining Rocks. Silence added to the remoteness and austerity of this locked door into the earth. Then we moved on into the modern village of Delphi, perhaps a quarter of a mile beyond the ruins, where the hotels are good.
When we looked out in the morning, the Greek weather had played a fantastic trick. The sun was shining. A large air had opened over the mountains. We could see down to the Gulf of Corinth, and across it to the mountains of the Peloponnese. Ancient Delphi shone as brightly as the Phaedriades.
We went out quickly, and when the inhabitants of the village saw us coming, they smiled with amusement and pleasure. We were the first swallows of the tourist season. As we approached, each shop opened as by magic, to put out its pots and pans, carpets, rugs and shawls and peasant costumes, until the street looked like a bank of exotic flowers. But sadly, when you have seen one tourist shop in Greece, you have seen the lot. There is some centralizing system by which they are all supplied with the same objects. Everywhere you can buy the gold death-mask of Agamemnon, Nestor's gold cup, Leda seduced by Zeus in the likeness of a swan, goatskin bags, worked leather, and pictures of overpowering inartistry. We passed on.
That morning ancient Delphi, with its steep ascent between broken stones, looked mild and friendly. Everywhere there were trees and flowering shrubs, and crimson anemones hung from the crevices. Outside the museum, the attendants were sunning themselves.
The cobbled ascent of ancient Delphi zigzags between the enigmatic piles of stone. An expert or a local guide can identify these piles for you; and you will find yourself intently observing the base of a wall, or half a dozen paving slabs, and nodding wisely. When you turn away, you will at once forget what the guide said. Far better to wander at your own pace, absorbing the atmosphere, letting the minute observations accumulate, which are what you will remember of Delphi—those flowers, perhaps; the worn capital of a fallen column; the soil plainly loaded with fragments of worked stone or chips of pottery. Then there are those sights that explain themselves—an open-air theatre; a megalithic wall in which the stones, never rectangular but always hexagonal, pentagonal, triangular, are fitted as neatly as a jigsaw puzzle in order to defeat earthquakes; a massive stadium where the footholds for the runners are still clear to see on the starting line.
We stopped by a rather plain, square building.
'It's the treasury of Athens,' said Peter. 'This place was so sacred that all the cities of Greece used it as a kind of bank.'
'It seems in good repair.'
'Rebuilt,' said Peter. 'The stones were scattered all the way down the slope—a thousand feet—right down to the river.'
He pointed up to the Temple of Apollo, where the Pythia gave the oracle, and went on, 'Geologists say there could never have been a cleft in these rocks or a vapour that came out. They say the woman chewed laurel leaves and raved because she was suffering from slight cyanide poisoning.'
I willed myself to take on the difficult role of professional believer: 'Then why were the oracles often so good, so prescient?'
'The priests. Men. So many people came to them from all over the world that they had a complete intelligence system. Pythia mouthed; then the priests decided what she had said, and gave you the official version a day or two later.'
'They were remarkable men,' I said. 'One imagines them so clearly. They were educated, sophisticated, a bit donnish, perhaps. Fretful men of good will who regarded the woman, with her staring eyes and twisted mouth, with a kind of sad compassion. They knew so much more about the world than she did—except for that one dubious, dark quality that might have something in it, for all one's professional disbelief.'
'Exactly so,' said my wife. 'One can almost hear them speaking. "But don't you see, dear man? If we say she meant that, it'll mean one of these dreary little wars again." So with the best will in the world they would adjust the oracle.'
'And they could be bribed too,' said Peter.
We moved on up the winding path, but more and more slowly. The sun was so hot now, the light so bright. At the top we found the stadium, scooped out of the crest of a hill that lies against the Phaedriades. It was a bath of heat. From here, if you stand on the edge, you can see a prospect of mountain and valley that is unrivalled even in Greece. It was, I thought, so like a Greek god to choose for himself and his oracle, not the most convenient place nor the most suitable commercially, but the most beautiful. Perhaps for Apollo, beauty and convenience were the same thing. Certainly here, with the Gulf of Corinth blazing like a peacock's tail, with the Shining Rocks, the trees and flowers, and the worn structures of broken marble, one could feel that peace for which the priests of the oracle were so concerned.
'Last time I was here,' I said to my wife, 'the season was in full swing. I heard all the major languages of Europe. There were huge parties, each addressed by its appropriate guide. I thought then that out-of-season was the right time to come. But now I am afraid I shall never understand Delphi.'
'The trouble is,' said she, 'Delphi has become nothing but archaeology.'
'It died long before,' said Peter. 'Do you know the story of the last oracle given here? Julian the Apostate wanted to restore the worship of the old gods when the rest of the world was already Christian. So the authorities fished out a Pythia and went through the ritual as best they could, though it was half forgotten. She went into a trance all right, and some sort of voice spoke through her:
Tell ye the king: the carven hall is
fallen in decay,
Apollo hath no chapel left, no
prophesying bay,
No talking spring. The stream is dry
that had so much to say.
That was the end.'
We were silent, all thinking, I believe, of our favourite Greek village, the name of which shall not appear in print. There the muleteers and donkey drivers wake you at dawn, clatttering in with loads of fish and vegetables, and strange cries. All day, children tumble in the streets or play around the drums of ancient and unexcavated columns. At night, in moon-drenched corners, the grandmothers—the yayas—gather, black patches against the white dust, to talk and laugh and sing in cracked voices that seem as old as the place itself. Men wear sprigs of green behind the left ear, and sometimes dance by themselves in the cafés to the sound of the bouzouki and the zither. The poorest village in Greece is never without argument and song and laughter, but in Delphi there is nothing but the broken stones on which we foreigners come to sit and be lectured. It is beautiful and dead.
'I think,' said Peter, 'we are beginning to feel flat. It's time we went down to the museum.'
In the museum we looked at the bronze charioteer. This is the great treasure of Delphi. It is simple and austere, formalized by the robes. The face has a secure, a timeless calm. It illustrates, perhaps, the maxim carved on the west front of the Temple of Apollo: 'Nothing in excess.' It seems so far removed from the dark Pythian inspiration, one wonders how the Greeks ever brought the two together. Like everything else at Delphi, it arouses curiosity and questions that cannot be answered. The door of the earth is locked.
That evening we were still silent. I think it was a silence of disappointment, not with the beautiful dead place but with ourselves. We had expected, with tireless, human optimism, to come to some terms with the riddle of Delphi, yet found nothing. Even when we left, driving back as the light of sunset was still bright on the Shining Rocks, it was with a sense that other, more perceptive people might well discover what we had come for and failed to find. For the oracles given here altered the shape of history. Any oracle consulted both by Alexander the Great and Socrates must be taken seriously. In this bland place, so splendidly organized now for tourists, was wrought something of the way in which we live. For all of us, the question continued to nag—a historical question, a philosophical question, perhaps even a religious question. We shall go there again.
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