Harvard University,June 7th,2007
Life‘s not fair,get over it!
生活本就不公平,不公平也要过下去!
Bill Gates
背景故事
本文是盖茨2007年在母校哈佛大学第356届毕业生毕业典礼上发表的讲演,亦是比尔·盖茨自己的毕业演讲。盖茨1973年进入哈佛大学,1975年辍学创业,但他仍被认为是1977届毕业生,只是因为一直没有拿到哈佛学位。在整个演讲过程中,盖茨谈到了很多事情,包括他的学生时代、他的退学经历,以及在他眼中人生最有意义的事情。
名人简介
比尔·盖茨(Bill Gates),全名威廉·亨利·盖茨(William Henry Gates),美国微软公司的前任董事长。首屈一指的科技人才,慈善家、环保人,跟保罗·艾伦联合创办微软公司,曾任微软首席执行官和软件设计师。
1955年10月28日,比尔·盖茨出生于美国西海岸华盛顿州的西雅图的一个家庭,父亲威廉·亨利·盖茨(William Henry Gates,Sr.)是当地的著名律师,他过世的母亲玛丽·盖茨(Mary Maxwell Gates)是银行系统董事,他的外祖父J.W.麦克斯韦尔(J.W.Maxwell)曾任国家银行行长。
在1973年,盖茨进入哈佛大学成为了一名新生。辍学后他在现在的微软首席执行官史蒂夫·鲍尔默(Steve Ballmer)家的大厅住了下来。在哈佛读书期间,盖茨开发了一个编程语言版本,并设计了为第一台微型计算机——MITS牛郎星。
在大三那年,盖茨离开了哈佛,他将全部精力投入到了微软。他于1975年与童年好友保罗·艾伦一起创立了微软公司。
演讲赏析
The Best of Everyone Who Failed
Bill Gates,Microsoft Chairman
Harvard University,June7th,2007
President Bok,former President Rudenstine,incoming President Faust,members of the Harvard Corporation and the Board of Overseers,members of the faculty,parents,and especially,the graduates:
I’ve been waiting more than 30years to say this,“Dad,I always told you I‘d come back and get my degree.”I want to thank Harvard for this timely honor.I’ll be changing my job next year……and it will be nice to finally have a college degree on my resume.
I applaud the graduates today for taking a much more direct route to your degrees.For my part,I‘m just happy that the Crimson has called me“Harvard’s most successful dropout”.I guess that makes me valedictorian of my own special class……I did the best of everyone who failed.But I also want to be recognized as the guy who got Steve Ballmer to drop out of business school.I‘m a bad influence.That’s why I was invited to speak at your graduation.If I had spoken at your orientation,fewer of you might be here today.
Harvard was just a phenomenal experience for me.Academic life was fascinating.I used to sit in on lots of classes I hadn‘t even signed up for.And dorm life was terrific.I lived up at Radcliffe,in Currier House.There were always lots of people in my dorm room late at night discussing things,because everyone knew I didn’t worry about getting up in the morning.That‘s how I came to be the leader of the anti-social group.We clung to each other as a way of validating our rejection of all those social people.
Radcliffe was a great place to live.There were more women up there,and most of the guys were science-math types.That combination offered me the best odds,if you know what I mean.This is where I learned the sad lesson that improving your odds doesn’t guarantee success.
One of my biggest memories of Harvard came in January 1975,when I made a call from Currier House to a company in Albuquerque that had begun making the world‘s first personal computers.I offered to sell them software.I worried that they would realize I was just a student in a dorm and hang up on me.Instead they said:“We’re not quite ready,come see us in a month,”which was a good thing,because we hadn‘t written the software yet.From that moment,I worked day and night on this little extra credit project that marked the end of my college education and the beginning of a remarkable journey with Microsoft.
What I remember above all about Harvard was being in the midst of so much energy and intelligence.It could be exhilarating,intimidating,sometimes even discouraging,but always challenging.It was an amazing privilege-and though I left early,I was transformed by my years at Harvard,the friendships I made,and the ideas I worked on.But taking a serious look back……I do have one big regret.
I left Harvard with no real awareness of the awful inequities in the world-the appalling disparities of health,and wealth,and opportunity that condemn millions of people to lives of despair.I learned a lot here at Harvard about new ideas in economics and politics.I got great exposure to the advances being made in the sciences.But humanity’s greatest advances are not in its discoveries-but in how those discoveries are applied to reduce inequity.Whether through democracy,strong public education,quality health care,or broad economic opportunity-reducing inequity is the highest human achievement.
I left campus knowing little about the millions of young people cheated out of educational opportunities here in this country.And I knew nothing about the millions of people living in unspeakable poverty and disease in developing countries.It took me decades to find out.You graduates came to Harvard at a different time.You know more about the world‘s inequities than the classes that came before.In your years here,I hope you’ve had a chance to think about how-in this age of accelerating technology-we can finally take on these inequities,and we can solve them.
Imagine,just for the sake of discussion,that you had a few hours a week and a few dollars a month to donate to a cause-and you wanted to spend that time and money where it would have the greatest impact in saving and improving lives.Where would you spend it?For Melinda and for me,the challenge is the same:how can we do the most good for the greatest number with the resources we have.
During our discussions on this question,Melinda and I read an article about the millions of children who were dying every year in poor countries from diseases that we had long ago made harmless in this country.Measles,malaria,pneumonia,hepatitis B,yellow fever.One disease I had never even heard of,rotavirus,was killing half a million kids each year-none of them in the United States.We were shocked.We had just assumed that if millions of children were dying and they could be saved,the world would make it a priority to discover and deliver the medicines to save them.But it did not.For under a dollar,there were interventions that could save lives that just weren‘t being delivered.
If you believe that every life has equal value,it’s revolting to learn that some lives are seen as worth saving and others are not.We said to ourselves:“This can‘t be true.But if it is true,it deserves to be the priority of our giving.”So we began our work in the same way anyone here would begin it.We asked:“How could the world let these children die?”The answer is simple,and harsh.The market did not reward saving the lives of these children,and governments did not subsidize it.So the children died because their mothers and their fathers had no power in the market and no voice in the system.But you and I have both.
We can make market forces work better for the poor if we can develop a more creative capitalism-if we can stretch the reach of market forces so that more people can make a profit,or at least make a living,serving people who are suffering from the great inequities.We also can press governments around the world to spend taxpayer money in ways that better reflect the values of the people who pay the taxes.If we can find approaches that meet the needs of the poor in ways that generate profits for business and votes for politicians,we will have found a sustainable way to reduce inequity in the world.This task is open-ended.It can never be finished.But a conscious effort to answer this challenge can change the world.
I am optimistic that we can do this,but I talk to skeptics who claim there is no hope.They say:“Inequity has been with us since the beginning,and will be with us till the end-because people just……don’t……care.”I completely disagree.I believe we have more caring than we know what to do with.All of us here in this Yard,at one time or another,have seen human tragedies that broke our hearts,and yet we did nothing-not because we didn‘t care,but because we didn’t know what to do.If we had known how to help,we would have acted.
The barrier to change is not too little caring;it is too much complexity.To turn caring into action,we need to see a problem,see a solution,and see the impact.But complexity blocks all three steps.Even with the advent of the Internet and 24-hour news,it is still a complex enterprise to get people to truly see the problems.When an airplane crashes,officials immediately call a press conference.They promise to investigate,determine the cause and prevent similar crashes in the future.But if the officials were brutally honest,they would say:“Of all the people in the world who died today from preventable causes,one half of one percent of them were on this plane.We‘re determined to do everything possible to solve the problem that took the lives of the one half of one percent.”
The problem is not the plane crash,but the millions of preventable deaths.We don’t read much about these deaths.The media covers what‘s new-and millions of people dying is nothing new.So it stays in the background,where it’s easier to ignore.But even when we do see it or read about it,it‘s difficult to keep our eyes on the problem.It’s difficult to look at suffering if the situation is so complex that we don’t know how to help.And so we look away.
If we can really see a problem,which is the first step,we come to the second step:cutting through the complexity to find a solution.Finding solutions is essential if we want to make the most of our caring.If we have clear and proven answers anytime an organization or individual asks“How can I help?”then we can get action-and we can make sure that none of the caring in the world is wasted.But complexity makes it hard to mark a path of action for everyone who cares—and that makes it hard for their caring to matter.
Cutting through complexity to find a solution runs through four predictable stages:determine a goal,find the highest-leverage approach,discover the ideal technology for that approach,and in the meantime,use the smartest application of the technology that you already have—whether it‘s something sophisticated,like a drug,or something simpler,like a bed net.
The AIDS epidemic offers an example.The broad goal,of course,is to end the disease.The highest-leverage approach is prevention.The ideal technology would be a vaccine that gives lifetime immunity with a single dose.So governments,drug companies and foundations fund vaccine research.But their work is likely to take more than a decade,so in the meantime,we have to work with what we have in hand-and the best prevention approach we have now is getting people to avoid risky behavior.
Pursuing that goal starts the four-step cycle again.This is the pattern.The crucial thing is never to stop thinking and working-and never do what we did with malaria and tuberculosis in the 20th century-which is to surrender to complexity and quit.The final step-after seeing the problem and finding an approach-is to measure the impact of your work and share your successes and failures so that others learn from your efforts.
You have to have the statistics,of course.You have to be able to show that an example is vaccinating millions more children.You have to be able to show an example of decline in the number of children dying from these diseases.This is essential not just to improve the program,but also to help draw more investment from business and government.But if you want to inspire people to participate,you have to show more than numbers;you have to convey the human impact of the work-so people can feel what saving a life means to the families affected.
I remember going to Davos some years back and sitting on a global health panel that was discussing ways to save millions of lives.Millions!Think of the thrill of saving just one person’s life-then multiply that by millions.……Yet this was the most boring panel I‘ve ever been on-ever.So boring even I couldn’t bear it.What made that experience especially striking was that I had just come from an event where we were introducing version 13of some piece of software,and we had people jumping and shouting with excitement.I love getting people excited about software-but why can‘t we generate even more excitement for saving lives?
You can’t get people excited unless you can help them see and feel the impact.And how you do that-is a complex question.Still,I‘m optimistic.Yes,inequity has been with us forever,but the new tools we have to cut through complexity have not been with us forever.They are new-they can help us make the most of our caring-and that’s why the future can be different from the past.
The defining and ongoing innovations of this age-biotechnology,the personal computer,the Internet-give us a chance we‘ve never had before to end extreme poverty and end death from preventable disease.
Sixty years ago,George Marshall came to this commencement and announced a plan to assist the nations of post-war Europe.He said:“I think one difficulty is that the problem is one of such enormous complexity that the very mass of facts presented to the public by press and radio make it exceedingly difficult for the man in the street to reach a clear appraisement of the situation.It is virtually impossible at this distance to grasp at all the real significance of the situation.”
Thirty years after Marshall made his address,thirty years ago as my class graduated without me,technology was emerging that would make the world smaller,more open,more visible,less distant.The emergence of low-cost personal computers gave rise to a powerful network that has transformed opportunities for learning and communicating.
The magical thing about this network is not just that it collapses distance and makes everyone your neighbor.It also dramatically increases the number of brilliant minds we can have working together on the same problem-and that scales up the rate of innovation to a staggering degree.At the same time,for every person who has access to this technology,five people don’t.That means many creative minds are left out of this discussion-smart people with practical intelligence and relevant experience who don‘t have the technology to hone their talents or contribute their ideas to the world.
We need as many people as possible to have access to this technology,because these advances are triggering a revolution in what human beings can do for one another.They are making it possible not just for national governments,but for universities,corporations,smaller organizations,and even individuals to see problems,see approaches,and measure the impact of their efforts to address the hunger,poverty,and desperation George Marshall spoke of 60years ago.
Members of the Harvard Family:Here in the Yard is one of the great collections of intellectual talent in the world.
For what purpose?
There is no question that the faculty,the alumni,the students,and the benefactors of Harvard have used their power to improve the lives of people here and around the world.But can we do more?Can Harvard dedicate its intellect to improving the lives of people who will never even hear its name?Let me make a request of the deans and the professors-the intellectual leaders here at Harvard:As you hire new faculty,award tenure,review curriculum,and determine degree requirements,please ask yourselves:
Should our best minds be dedicated to solving our biggest problems?
Should Harvard encourage its faculty to take on the world’s worst inequities?Should Harvard students know about the depth of global poverty……the problem of world hunger……the scarcity of clean water……the girls kept out of school……the children who die from diseases we can cure?
Should the world‘s most privileged learn about the lives of the world’s least privileged?
These are not rhetorical questions-you will answer with your policies.
My mother,who was filled with pride the day I was admitted here-never stopped pressing me to do more for others.A few days before I was marriage,she hosted a bridal event,at which she read aloud a letter about marriage that she had written to Melinda.My mother was very ill with cancer at the time,but she saw one more opportunity to deliver her message,and at the close of the letter she said:“From those to whom much is given,much is expected.”
When you consider what those of us here in this Yard have been given-in talent,privilege,and opportunity-there is almost no limit to what the world has a right to expect from us.
In line with the promise of this age,I want to exhort each of the graduates here to take on an issue-a complex problem,a deep inequity,and become a specialist on it.If you make it the focus of your career,that would be phenomenal.But you don‘t have to do that to make an impact.For a few hours every week,you can use the growing power of the Internet to get informed,find others with the same interests,see the barriers,and find ways to cut through them.
Don’t let complexity stop you.Be activists.Take on the big inequities.I will be sure it will be one of the great experiences of your lives.
You graduates are coming of age in an amazing time.As you leave Harvard,you have technology that members of my class never had.You have awareness of global inequity,which we did not have.And with that awareness,you likely also have an informed conscience that will torment you if you abandon these people whose lives you could change with very little effort.You have more than we had;you must start sooner,and carry on longer.
And I hope you will come back here to Harvard 30years from now and reflect on what you have done with your talent and your energy.I hope you will judge yourselves not on your professional accomplishments alone,but also on how well you have addressed the world‘s deepest inequities……on how well you treated people a world away who have nothing in common with you but their humanity.
Good luck!
译文参考
在所有的失败者里,我做得最好
——比尔·盖茨在哈佛大学的演讲
尊敬的博科校长,前校长陆登庭先生,以及即将上任的福斯特校长,哈佛公司和监察委员会的各位成员,各位教职员工,各位家长,各位毕业生:
现在终于可以说这句我已经等了30年的话了,“老爸,我总是跟你说,我会回来拿到我的学位的!”我要感谢哈佛大学在这个时候可以给我这个荣誉。明年,我就要换份工作了……我终于可以在简历上写我有一个本科学位,这真是太好了!
今天,我也为在座的各位同学感到高兴,你们拿到学位可比我容易很多了。至于我,哈佛的校报则称我是“哈佛大学历史上最成功的辍学生”。我想这大概就是我能获得代表我这一类学生发言资格的原因……在所有的失败者里,我做得最好。但是,我还要提醒大家,我也让另一个叫斯蒂文·鲍尔默的从哈佛商学院退学了。因此,我是个有着恶劣影响力的人。这就是为什么我被邀请来你们的毕业典礼上演讲。如果我在你们入学欢迎仪式上演讲,那么今天坐在这里的人会少得多吧。
对我来说,在哈佛的求学经历如同海市蜃楼。校园生活很有趣,我常去旁听的课都是我没选修过的。哈佛的宿舍生活也很赞,我在拉德克里夫的宿舍里过着逍遥自在的日子。在我的寝室里每天总有很多人待到半夜,一直讨论着各种事情。因为每个人都知道我从不用担心第二天要早起。这使得我变成了校园里那些不安分学生的头,我们泡在一起,装出一副拒绝做正常学生的姿态。
拉德克里夫是个混日子的好地方。那里的女生比男生多,而且大多数男生都是理工科的。这种状况为我创造了最好的机会,如果你们明白我的意思。很可惜的是,我正是在这里学到了我人生中悲伤的一课,那就是机会大,并不代表你就会成功。
我在哈佛最难忘的回忆之一,是发生在1975年1月的那件事。那时,我从宿舍楼里给位于阿尔伯克基的一家公司打了一个电话,当时那家公司已经在着手制造世界上第一台个人电脑了。我提出想让对方买我的软件。我很担心他们会发觉我只是个大学生挂断电话。但是他们却说:“我们还没准备好,一个月之后你再来找我们吧。”这是真是个好消息,因为那时我的软件还没有写呢。就是从那个时候起,我日以继夜地忙碌在这个小小的课外设计上,这导致了我学生生活的提早结束,和以及通往创立微软公司的那段不平凡的旅程的开始。
无论如何,哈佛对于我来说,总是充满着精力和才智。哈佛的生活也令人愉快,但也令人感到有压力,有时甚至会感到泄气,但永远充满了挑战性。生活在哈佛是一种特殊但是很吸引人的经历……虽然我离开得比较早,但是我在这里的经历、在这里结识的朋友、在这里实践的一些想法,永远地改变了我。如果现在认真回忆起来,我确实存在着遗憾。
我离开哈佛的时候,根本没有意识到这个世界存在着这么多的不平等——人类在健康、财富和机遇上的这种不平等,大的令人惊讶。它们迫使无数人生活在绝望之中。我在哈佛学到了很多经济学和政治学的新思想。同时我也了解了很多科学上的新发展。但是,人类最大的进步并不来自于这些发现,而是来自于那些有助于减少人类不平等的发现。不管通过何种手段——民主制度、健全的公共教育体系、高质量的医疗保健、还是广泛的经济机会——能够减少不平等始终是人类最大的成就。
我离开校园的时候,根本不知道在这个国家里,还有几百万的年轻人没有接受教育的机会。我也不知道,在发展中国家里还有无数的人生活在无法形容的贫穷和疾病之中。这些是我花了几十年才明白的。在座的各位同学,你们是在与我不同的时代进入了哈佛。你们比以前的学生更多地了解世界是如何的不平等。所以在你们的哈佛求学过程中,我希望你们已经对这个问题考虑成熟了,那就是在这个新技术加速发展的时代,我们最终怎样做才能应对这种不平等,以及我们怎样做才能解决这个问题。
为了方便讨论,你们试想一下,假如你每个星期可以奉献一些时间、每个月可以捐出一些钱——你希望这些时间和金钱,可以用到对拯救生命和改善人类生活有最大作用的地方,你会选择投资在什么地方?对于我和我妻子来说,这就是我们面临的问题:我们如何能将我们所拥有的资源发挥出最大的作用。
我们在讨论这些时,梅琳达和我读到了一篇文章,文章里提及在那些贫穷的国家,每年有数百万的儿童死于那些在美国早已不是问题的疾病。如麻疹、疟疾、肺炎、乙型肝炎、黄热病,还有一种以前我从未听说过的轮状病毒,这些疾病每年导致50万儿童死亡,但是在美国这些病没有造成任何死亡。我们被这则消息震惊了。我们想,如果世界上有几百万名的儿童正在死亡线上挣扎,而且他们是可以被救治的,那么世界理应将拯救他们作为头等大事。但是事实并非如此。那些价格还不到一美元的救命药剂,并没有送到他们的手中。
如果你相信每个生命都是平等的,那么当你发现某些生命被救治,而另一些生命被遗弃,你会感到无法接受。我们对自己说:“事情不可能如此。如果这是真的,那么它理应成为我们努力的头等大事。”所以,我们用任何人都会想到的方式开始工作。我们问:“这个世界怎么可以眼睁睁看着这些孩子死去?”答案是既简单又残忍。在市场经济中,救助儿童是一项没有利润的工作,政府也不会提供这样的补助。这些儿童之所以会死亡,是因为他们的父母没有经济能力,也没有发出反抗的声音。但是,你们和我都有这两种力量。
我们可以让市场经济能够更好地为穷人服务,如果我们能够设计出一种更有创新性的资本主义制度——如果我们可以改变市场需求,让更多的人可以获得利润,或者至少可以维持生活的话,那么,这就可以帮到那些遭受极端不平等正在受苦的人们了。我们还可以向全世界的政府施压,要求他们将纳税人的钱,花到更符合纳税人价值观的地方去。如果我们能够找到这样一种方法,既可以帮到穷人,又可以为商人带来利润,为政治家们带来政治前途的话,那么我们就可以找到一种减少世界性不平等的可持续的发展道路。这个任务是开放式的。它不可能被完全完成,但是任何有意识地去解决这个问题的尝试,都将会改变这个世界。
在这个问题上,我是乐观的。但是,我也遇到过那些感到绝望的怀疑主义者。他们说:“不平等是从人类诞生的第一天就存在,会延续到人类灭亡的最后一天。——因为人类对这个问题根本不……在……乎。”我完全不能同意这种观点。我相信,问题不是我们不在乎,而是我们不知道怎么做。此刻在座的所有人,生命中总有这样或那样的时刻,目睹人类的悲剧,感到万分伤心。但是我们什么也没做——并非我们无动于衷,而是因为我们不知道做什么和如何做。如果我们知道怎么做是有效的,我们将采取行动。
变化的障碍,并非是人类的冷漠,而是世界实在太复杂。为了将关心转变为行动,我们需要找到问题,发现解决办法的方法,看到结果。但是世界的复杂性使得所有这些步骤都难于做到。即使有了互联网和24小时全程播报的新闻台,但让人们发现真正问题所在,仍旧十分困难。当一架飞机坠毁了,官员们会立刻召开新闻发布会,他们承诺进行调查、找到原因、防止将来再次发生类似事故。但是如果那些官员有勇气说真话,他们就会说:“在今天这一天内,全世界所有可以避免的死亡之中,只有0.5%的死者来自于这次空难。我们决心尽一切努力,来调查这个0.5%的死亡原因。”
显然,更重要的问题不是这次空难造成的伤亡,而是其他几百万可以预防的死亡事件。我们并没有很多机会了解那些死亡事件。媒体报道新闻,几百万人将要死去并非新鲜事,因此它留在幕后,那么这些事件就很容易被忽视。另一方面,即使我们确实亲眼目睹了事件本身或者看到了相关报道,我们也很难持续关注这些事件。因为看着他人受苦是令人痛苦的,更何况问题又如此复杂,我们根本就不知道如何去帮助他们。所以我们会将脸转过去。
就算我们真正发现了问题所在,这也只是迈出了第一步,但是随之而来第二步:那就是从复杂的事件中找到解决办法。如果我们将关心落到实处,我们就必须找到解决办法。如果我们获得了一个清晰的、可靠的答案,那么当任何组织和个人提出“我如何能提供帮助”这种疑问的时候,我们就能采取行动。我们就能够保证不浪费一丁点全世界人类对他人的关心。但是,复杂性使得很难找到能让全世界每一个有爱心的人都有效的行动的方法,因此人类对他人的关心往往很难产生实际效果。
如何在这个复杂的世界中找到解决办法,可以分为四个步骤:确定目标,找到最高效的方法,发现适用于这个方法的新技术,同时最聪明地利用现有的技术,不管它是复杂的药物,还是最简单的蚊帐。
就拿艾滋病举例吧。总的目标,毫无疑问是消除这种疾病。最有效的方法是预防。而最理想的技术是发明一种疫苗,只要注射一次,就可以终生免疫。所以,政府、制药公司、基金会应该资助疫苗研究。但是,这样研究工作很可能十年之内都无法展示成果。所以,我们必须使用现有的技术,目前最有效的预防方法是设法让人们避免那些危险的行为。
想要实现这个新的目标,可以采用新的四步循环。这是一种模式。关键就是永远不要停止思考和行动。我们千万不能再犯上个世纪在疟疾和肺结核上犯过的错误,那时我们因为它们太复杂,而放弃了采取行动。发现问题并找到解决方法之后,就是最后一步——评估工作效果,将你的成功经验或者失败经验传播出去,这样其他人就可以从你的努力中有所收获。
当然,你必须汇总一些统计数字。你必须让别人知道,你的计划是为让几百万儿童接种新的疫苗。你也必须让别人知道,这样儿童的死亡率在下降。这些都是关键,不仅有利于改善项目效果,也有利于从商界和政界得到更多的帮助。但是,如果你想激励别人加入你的项目,光有这些还是不够的,你就必须拿出更多的统计数字;你就必须展示你项目的人为影响因素,这样其他人就会感到拯救一个生命,对那些处在困境中的家庭到底意味着什么。
我记得几年前,我去瑞士达沃斯旁听一个全球健康问题论坛,会议的内容是关于如何拯救几百万条生命。天哪,是几百万!想一想吧,拯救一条的生命已经让人激动不已,现在你要把这种激动再乘上几百万倍……但是,不幸的是,这是我参加过的最最乏味的论坛,乏味到我无法强迫自己听下去。那次经历之所以让我难忘,是因为之前我们刚刚发布了一个软件的第13个版本,我们让观众激动得跳了起来,欢呼起来。我喜欢人们因为软件更新而感到激动,那么我们为什么不能够让人们因为能够拯救生命而感到更加激动呢?
除非你能让人们看到或者感受到行动的影响力,否则你无法让人们激动。如何做到这一点,并不是一件简单的事。尽管如此,在这个问题上,我依然是乐观的。不错,人类的不平等一直存在,但是那些能够化繁为简的新工具,却是最近才出现的。这些新工具可以帮助我们,将人类的同情心发挥出最大的作用,这就是为什么将来同过去是不一样的。
这个时代新的革新时刻涌现出来——生物技术、计算机、互联网——它们给了我们一个从未有过的机会,去终结那些极端的贫穷和非恶性疾病的死亡。
六十年前,乔治·马歇尔也是在这里的毕业典礼上,宣布了一个计划,去帮助那些欧洲国家实现战后建设。他说:“我认为,有一点困难是这个问题太复杂,报纸和电台向公众源源不断地提供各种信息,使得大街上的普通人极难清晰地判断形势。事实上,经过层层传播,想要真正地把握形势,是根本不可能的。”
马歇尔发表这个演讲之后的三十年,我那一届学生毕业,当然我不在其中。那时,新技术刚刚开始萌芽,它们使这个世界变得更小、更开放、更容易看到、距离更近。低成本个人电脑的涌现,使得一个强大的互联网有机会诞生,它为学习和交流提供了巨大的机会。
网络的神奇之处在于它不仅仅缩短了物理距离,使得天涯若比邻,它还极大地增加了怀有同样想法的人们聚集在一起的机会,我们可以为解决同一个问题一起共同工作。这就大大加快了革新的进程,发展速度简直快得让人震惊。与此同时,世界上能够上网的人,只占全部人口的六分之一。这意味着,还有许多具有创造性的人们,没有机会加入到我们的讨论中来。而那些有着实际的操作经验和相关经历的聪明人,却没有技术来帮助他们,让他们的天赋或者想法与全世界分享。
我们需要尽可能地让更多的人有机会使用新技术,因为这些新技术正在引发一场革命,使得人类可以互相帮助。新技术正在创造一种可能,不仅政府,还包括大学、公司、小机构,甚至个人,能够发现问题所在、能够找到解决办法、能够评估他们努力的效果,去改变那些如马歇尔六十年前就说到过的问题——饥饿、贫穷和绝望。
哈佛是一个大家庭。在场的各位,是全世界最有才智的人类群体之一。
我们可以做些什么?
毫无疑问,哈佛的老师、校友、学生和资助者们,已经用他们的能力去改善世界各地人们的生活。但是,我们还能够再做些什么呢?有没有可能,哈佛人可以用他们的智慧,来帮助那些甚至从来没有听到过“哈佛”这个名字的人?请允许我向各位院长和教授,提出一个请求——你们是哈佛的领袖,当你们雇用新的老师、授予终身教职、评估课程、决定学位颁发标准的时候,请问你们自己如下的问题:
我们最优秀的人才是否在致力于解决我们最大的问题?
哈佛是否鼓励老师们去研究和解决世界上最严重的不平等?哈佛的学生是否从全球那些极其贫穷中学到了什么……世界性的饥荒……清洁水资源的缺乏……无法上学的女童……死于非恶性疾病的儿童……哈佛的学生有没有从中学到东西?
那些世界上过着最优越生活的人们,有没有从那些最困难的人们身上学到东西?
这些问题并非是修辞手法。你必须用自己的行动来回答它们。
我的母亲在我被哈佛大学录取的那一天,感到非常骄傲。她从没有停止督促我,去为他人做更多的事情。就在我结婚的前几天,她主持了新人进门的仪式。在这个仪式上,她高声朗读了一封关于婚姻的信,这封信是她写给梅琳达的。那时,我的母亲已经病入膏肓,但是她还是认为这又是一个传播她信念的机会。在那封信的结尾处,她写道:“对于那些接受了许多帮助的人们,他们还在期待更多的帮助。”
想一想吧,我们在座的诸位,被给予过什么——天赋、特权、机遇——那么可以这样说,全世界的人们几乎都有权力,期待我们做出贡献。
同这个时代的期望一样,我也要向今天的各位毕业生提出一个忠告:你们要选择一个问题,一个复杂的问题,一个关于人类深刻的不平等的问题,之后你们要变成这个问题的专家。如果你们能够使得这个问题成为你们职业的核心,那么你们将非常杰出。但是,你们不必一定要去做这类大事。每个星期只用几个小时,通过互联网得到信息,找到志同道合的朋友,发现困难所在,找到解决它们的途径。
不要让复杂性阻碍你前进。要成为一个行动主义者。将解决人类的不平等视为己任。它将成为你生命中最重要的经历之一。
在座的各位毕业的同学,你们所处的时代是一个神奇的时代。当你们离开哈佛的时候,你们所拥有的技术,是我们那一届学生所没能拥有的。你们已经了解到了世界上的不平等,我们那时还不知道这些。有了这样的了解之后,要是你再对那些你可以帮助的人们弃之不顾的话,就将受到良心的谴责,只需一点小小的努力,你就可以改变那些人的生活。你们比我们拥有更大的能力;你们必须尽早开始,尽可能长地坚持下去。
知道了你们所知道的一切,你们怎么可能不采取行动呢?
我希望,30年后你们也会再回到哈佛,谈起你们用自己的天赋和能力所做出的一切。我希望,在那个时候,你们有自己的评价标准,不仅仅是你们的专业成就,还包括你们为改变这个世界深刻的不平等所做出的努力,以及你们如何善待那些远隔千山万水、与你们毫无关系的人们,你与他们只是同为人类。
祝你们好运!
·This is where I learned the sad lesson that improving your odds doesn‘t guarantee success.我人生中悲伤的一课,那就是机会大,并不代表你就会成功。
·Humanity’s greatest advances are not in its discoveries-but in how those discoveries are applied to reduce inequity.Whether through democracy,strong public education,quality health care,or broad economic opportunity-reducing inequity is the highest human achievement.人类最大的进步并不来自于这些发现,而是来自于那些有助于减少人类不平等的发现。不管通过何种手段——民主制度、健全的公共教育体系、高质量的医疗保健、还是广泛的经济机会——能够减少不平等始终是人类最大的成就。
·If you believe that every life has equal value,it‘s revolting to learn that some lives are seen as worth saving and others are not.We said to ourselves:“This can’t be true.But if it is true,it deserves to be the priority of our giving.”
如果你相信每个生命都是平等的,那么当你发现某些生命被救治,而另一些生命被遗弃,你会感到无法接受。我们对自己说:“事情不可能如此。如果这是真的,那么它理应成为我们努力的头等大事。”
·If we can stretch the reach of market forces so that more people can make a profit,or at least make a living,serving people who are suffering from the worst inequities.We also can press governments around the world to spend taxpayer money in ways that better reflect the values of the people who pay the taxes.
如果我们可以改变市场需求,让更多的人可以获得利润,或者至少可以维持生活的话,那么,这就可以帮到那些遭受极端不平等的正在受苦的人们。我们还可以向全世界的政府施压,要求他们将纳税人的钱,花到更符合纳税人价值观的地方去。
·We have more caring than we know what to do with.
问题不是我们不在乎,而是我们不知道该怎么做。
·At one time or another,have seen human tragedies that broke our hearts,and yet we did nothing-not because we didn‘t care,but because we didn’t know what to do.If we had known how to help,we would have acted.
生命中总有这样或那样的时刻,目睹人类的悲剧,感到万分伤心。但是我们什么也没做——并非我们无动于衷,而是因为我们不知道做什么和如何做。如果我们知道怎么做是有效的,我们将采取行动。
·The barrier to change is not too little caring;it is too much complexity.To turn caring into action,we need to see a problem,see a solution,and see the impact.
变化的障碍,并非是人类的冷漠,而是世界实在太复杂。为了将关心转变为行动,我们需要找到问题,发现解决办法的方法,看到结果。
·Cutting through the complexity to find a solution.Finding solutions is essential if we want to make the most of our caring.If we have clear and proven answers anytime an organization or individual asks“How can I help?,”then we can get action-and we can make sure that none of the caring in the world is wasted.
那就是从复杂的事件中找到解决办法。如果我们将关心落到实处,我们就必须找到解决办法。如果我们获得了一个清晰的、可靠的答案,那么当任何组织和个人提出“如何我能提供帮助”这种疑问的时候,我们就能采取行动。我们就能够保证不浪费一丁点全世界人类对他人的关心。
·Cutting through complexity to find a solution runs through four predictable stages:determine a goal,find the highest-leverage approach,discover the ideal technology for that approach,and in the meantime,make the smartest application of the technology that you already have.
如何这个复杂的世界中找到解决办法,可以分为四个步骤:确定目标,找到最高效的方法,发现适用于这个方法的新技术,同时最聪明地利用现有的技术。
·After seeing the problem and finding an approach-is to measure the impact of your work and share your successes and failures so that others learn from your efforts.
评估工作效果,将你的成功经验或者失败经验传播出去,这样其他人就可以从你的努力中有所收获。
·Inequity has been with us forever,but the new tools we have to cut through complexity have not been with us forever.They are new-they can help us make the most of our caring-and that‘s why the future can be different from the past.
人类的不平等一直存在,但是那些能够化繁为简的新工具,却是最近才出现的。这些新工具可以帮助我们,将人类的同情心发挥最大的作用,这就是为什么将来同过去是不一样的。
·Take on an issue-a complex problem,a deep inequity,and become a specialist on it.If you make it the focus of your career,that would be phenomenal.
选择一个问题,一个复杂的问题,一个关于人类深刻的不平等的问题,之后你们要变成这个问题的专家。如果你们能够使得这个问题成为你们职业的核心,那么你们将非常杰出。
·Don’t let complexity stop you.Be activists.Take on the big inequities.It will be one of the great experiences of your lives.
不要让复杂性阻碍你前进。要成为一个行动主义者。将解决人类的不平等视为己任。它将成为你生命中最重要的经历之一。
·I am optimistic that we can do this,but I talk to skeptics who claim there is no hope.They say:“Inequity has been with us since the beginning,and will be with us till the end-because people just……don‘t……care.”I completely disagree.
在这个问题上,我是乐观的。但是,我也遇到过那些感到绝望的怀疑主义者。他们说:“不平等从人类诞生的第一天就存在,到人类灭亡的最后一天也将存在。——因为人类对这个问题根本不在乎。”我完全不能同意这种观点。
·To turn caring into action,we need to see a problem,see a solution,and see the impact.But complexity blocks all three steps.
为了将关心转变为行动,我们需要找到问题,发现解决办法的方法,评估后果。但是世界的复杂性使得所有这些步骤都难于做到。
·Even with the advent of the Internet and 24-hour news,it is still a complex enterprise to get people to truly see the problems.When an airplane crashes,officials immediately call a press conference.They promise to investigate,determine the cause,and prevent similar crashes in the future.
即使有了互联网和24小时直播的新闻台,让人们真正发现问题所在,仍然十分困难。当一架飞机坠毁了,官员们会立刻召开新闻发布会,他们承诺进行调查、找到原因、防止将来再次发生类似事故。
·But if the officials were brutally honest,they would say:“Of all the people in the world who died today from preventable causes,one half of one percent of them were on this plane.We’re determined to do everything possible to solve the problem that took the lives of the one half of one percent.”
但是如果那些官员敢说真话,他们就会说:“在今天这一天内,全世界所有可以避免的死亡之中,只有0.5%的死者来自于这次空难。我们决心尽一切努力,调查这个0.5%的死亡原因。”
·The bigger problem is not the plane crash,but the millions of preventable deaths.显然,更重要的问题不是这次空难,而是其他几百万可以预防的死亡事件。
文化采撷
著名的哈佛辍学生们
1.Robert Frost
Frost是旧金山人,曾经在达特茅斯学院上了仅2个月就辍学,在1897年秋季被哈佛大学录取,然后在剑桥学习文学艺术。2年后,Frost结了婚,在哈佛大学注册前成为了一名父亲,之后就离开校园去支撑他的家庭。Frost后来说,“哈佛大学未能把我管教成为好学生,但是他们确实尽力而为了。”Frost一生获得了4次普利茨诗歌奖,在1937年获得哈佛名誉学位。
2.Matt Damon
这位好莱坞未来之星在1988年进入哈佛大学,在大二时请假拍摄电影“Rising Son”,这是专门在电视上播放的电影。Damon在他大三和大四时也经常外出拍戏,一直没有挣够毕业所需的学分。Damon在接受哈佛学生报纸Harvard Crimson采访时回忆到,“实际上,当时我经常准备回去,我几乎读完最后几个学期,但还是被迫离开了”。
3.Edwin H.Land
从康涅狄格州的诺维奇中学毕业后,Land在1926年加入哈佛大学,Land在大一研究化学,并通过实验来对偏光进行研究。Land后来从哈佛辍学进行全职的研究。在1937年,Land与人合作成立了人造偏光板公司(Polaroid Corporation),这家公司在1947年推出了瞬间照相机。
4.R.Buckminster Fuller
这位发明家、哲学家、和未来学家是他的家族第五位进入哈佛学习的人,但是也是首位没有毕业的人。没有任何一家哈佛社会俱乐部接纳Fuller,因此他在其他地方追寻友谊,经常逃课参加百老汇表演。之后Fuller再次申请成功,也取得了几项学术成就,但是最终厌烦就离开了哈佛。海军工作的那一段,Fuller开始了许多商业上失败的尝试,包括可以组合的Dymaxion House,在1947年发明了圆顶建筑结构(geodesic dome),这给他带来了财富和名气。
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