Princeton University,June 2nd,2013
Does the fact that our lives are so influenced by chance and seemingly small decisions and actions mean that there is no point to planning,to striving?
我们的人生受到偶然性和各种看似微小的决定和行动左右,这是否意味着不需要规划和奋斗呢?
Ben Shalom Bernanke
背景故事
本·伯南克是谁?他是美国经济学家,曾任美国联邦储备局主席。而伯南克在普林斯顿大学2013年毕业典礼上的演讲非常幽默,同时也给予了2013届普林斯顿毕业生10条人生建议,他所有的建议几乎都来自《阿甘正传》。如此喜欢一部电影的人物,究竟是一个怎样的人物,他又秉持怎样的精神呢?
演讲中伯南克对普林斯顿大学的学生提出了十条建议。建议涉及毕业生们的人生、事业、价值观等多方面,以在现实世界中的亲身经历和实际观察而对学生们叮咛嘱咐。最后,伯南克特别提到找终生伴侣,要找一个除了外表美丽之外,更重要的是找一个能够与你相互提供支持和慰藉的人,而且强调成功后不要忘记常和父母联系。
名人简介
本·伯南克(Ben Shalom Bernanke,1953年12月13日-),美国犹太裔经济学家,曾任美国联邦储备委员会主席。伯南克在普林斯顿大学执教17年,并曾担任经济学系主任。
2002年被美国总统小布什任命为美联储理事。2005年6月,担任美国总统经济顾问委员会主席。10月接替格林斯潘被任命为美国联邦储备委员会主席。2009年,因为在带领美国度过大萧条以来最恶劣的经济危机中的突出表现,被《时代杂志》评选为“年度风云人物”。
演讲赏析
Give’em Hell
Ben Shalom Bernanke,Chairman Board of Governors of
the Federal Reserve System
Princeton University,June 2nd,2013
It‘s nice to be back at Princeton.I find it difficult to believe that it’s been almost 11years since I departed these halls for Washington.I wrote recently to inquire about the status of my leave from the university,and the letter I got back began,“Regrettably,Princeton receives many more qualified applicants for faculty positions than we can accommodate.”
I‘ll extend my best wishes to the seniors later,but first I want to congratulate the parents and families here.As a parent myself,I know that putting your kid through college these days is no walk in the park.Some years ago I had a colleague who sent three kids through Princeton even though neither he nor his wife attended this university.He and his spouse were very proud of that accomplishment,as they should have been.But my colleague also used to say that,from a financial perspective,the experience was like buying a new Cadillac every year and then driving it off a cliff.I should say that he always added that he would do it all over again in a minute.So,well done,moms,dads.
This is indeed an impressive and appropriate setting for a commencement.I am sure that,from this lectern,any number of distinguished spiritual leaders have ruminated on the lessons of the Ten Commandments.I don’t have that kind of confidence,and,anyway,coveting your neighbor‘s ox or donkey is not the problem it used to be,so I thought I would use my few minutes today to make Ten Suggestions,or maybe just Ten Observations,about the world and your lives after Princeton.Please note,these points have nothing whatsoever to do with interest rates.My qualification for making such suggestions,or observations,besides having kindly been invited to speak today by President Tilghman,is the same as the reason that your obnoxious brother or sister got to go to bed later-I am older than you.All of what follows has been road-tested in real-life situations,but past performance is no guarantee of future results.
Number1:The poet Robert Burns once said something about the best-laid plans of mice and men ganging aft agley,whatever“agley”means.A more contemporary philosopher,Forrest Gump,said something similar about life and boxes of chocolates and not knowing what you are going to get.They were both right.Life is amazingly unpredictable;any 22-year-old who thinks he or she knows where they will be in 10years,much less in 30,is simply lacking imagination.Look what happened to me:A dozen years ago I was minding my own business teaching Economics 101in Alexander Hall and trying to think of good excuses for avoiding faculty meetings.Then I got a phone call……In case you are skeptical of Forrest Gump’s insight,here‘s a concrete suggestion for each of the graduating seniors.Take a few minutes the first chance you get and talk to an alum participating in his or her 25th,or 30th,or 40th reunion-you know,somebody who was near the front of the P-rade.Ask them,back when they were graduating 25,30,or 40years ago,where they expected to be today.If you can get them to open up,they will tell you that today they are happy and satisfied in various measures,or not,and their personal stories will be filled with highs and lows and in-betweens.But,I am willing to bet,those life stories will in almost all cases be quite different,in large and small ways,from what they expected when they started out.This is a good thing,not a bad thing;who wants to know the end of a story that’s only in its early chapters?Don‘t be afraid to let the drama play out.
2.Does the fact that our lives are so influenced by chance and seemingly small decisions and actions mean that there is no point to planning,to striving?Not at all.Whatever life may have in store for you,each of you has a grand,lifelong project,and that is the development of yourself as a human being.Your family and friends and your time at Princeton have given you a good start.What will you do with it?Will you keep learning and thinking hard and critically about the most important questions?Will you become an emotionally stronger person,more generous,more loving,more ethical?Will you involve yourself actively and constructively in the world?Many things will happen in your lives,pleasant and not so pleasant,but,paraphrasing a Woodrow Wilson School adage from the time I was here,“Wherever you go,there you are.”If you are not happy with yourself,even the loftiest achievements won’t bring you much satisfaction.
3.The concept of success leads me to consider so-called meritocracies and their implications.We have been taught that meritocratic institutions and societies are fair.Putting aside the reality that no system,including our own,is really entirely meritocratic,meritocracies may be fairer and more efficient than some alternatives.But fair in an absolute sense?Think about it.A meritocracy is a system in which the people who are the luckiest in their health and genetic endowment;luckiest in terms of family support,encouragement,and,probably,income;luckiest in their educational and career opportunities;and luckiest in so many other ways difficult to enumerate-these are the folks who reap the largest rewards.The only way for even a putative meritocracy to hope to pass ethical muster,to be considered fair,is if those who are the luckiest in all of those respects also have the greatest responsibility to work hard,to contribute to the betterment of the world,and to share their luck with others.As the Gospel of Luke says(and I am sure my rabbi will forgive me for quoting the New Testament in a good cause):“From everyone to whom much has been given,much will be required;and from the one to whom much has been entrusted,even more will be demanded”(Luke 12:48,New Revised Standard Version Bible).Kind of grading on the curve,you might say.
4.Who is worthy of admiration?The admonition from Luke-which is shared by most ethical and philosophical traditions,by the way-helps with this question as well.Those most worthy of admiration are those who have made the best use of their advantages or,alternatively,coped most courageously with their adversities.I think most of us would agree that people who have,say,little formal schooling but labor honestly and diligently to help feed,clothe,and educate their families are deserving of greater respect-and help,if necessary-than many people who are superficially more successful.They‘re more fun to have a beer with,too.That’s all that I know about sociology.
5.Since I have covered what I know about sociology,I might as well say something about political science as well.In regard to politics,I have always liked Lily Tomlin‘s line,in paraphrase:“I try to be cynical,but I just can’t keep up.”We all feel that way sometime.Actually,having been in Washington now for almost 11years,as I mentioned,I feel that way quite a bit.Ultimately,though,cynicism is a poor substitute for critical thought and constructive action.Sure,interests and money and ideology all matter,as you learned in political science.But my experience is that most of our politicians and policymakers are trying to do the right thing,according to their own views and consciences,most of the time.If you think that the bad or indifferent results that too often come out of Washington are due to base motives and bad intentions,you are giving politicians and policymakers way too much credit for being effective.Honest error in the face of complex and possibly intractable problems is a far more important source of bad results than are bad motives.For these reasons,the greatest forces in Washington are ideas,and people prepared to act on those ideas.Public service isn‘t easy.But,in the end,if you are inclined in that direction,it is a worthy and challenging pursuit.
6.Having taken a stab at sociology and political science,let me wrap up economics while I’m at it.Economics is a highly sophisticated field of thought that is superb at explaining to policymakers precisely why the choices they made in the past were wrong.About the future,not so much.However,careful economic analysis does have one important benefit,which is that it can help kill ideas that are completely logically inconsistent or wildly at variance with the data.This insight covers at least 90percent of proposed economic policies.
7.I‘m not going to tell you that money doesn’t matter,because you wouldn‘t believe me anyway.In fact,for too many people around the world,money is literally a life-or-death proposition.But if you are part of the lucky minority with the ability to choose,remember that money is a means,not an end.A career decision based only on money and not on love of the work or a desire to make a difference is a recipe for unhappiness.
8.Nobody likes to fail but failure is an essential part of life and of learning.If your uniform isn’t dirty,you haven‘t been in the game.
9.I spoke earlier about definitions of personal success in an unpredictable world.I hope that as you develop your own definition of success,you will be able to do so,if you wish,with a close companion on your journey.In making that choice,remember that physical beauty is evolution’s way of assuring us that the other person doesn‘t have too many intestinal parasites.Don’t get me wrong,I am all for beauty,romance,and sexual attraction-where would Hollywood and Madison Avenue be without them?But while important,those are not the only things to look for in a partner.The two of you will have a long trip together,I hope,and you will need each other‘s support and sympathy more times than you can count.Speaking as somebody who has been happily married for 35years,I can’t imagine any choice more consequential for a lifelong journey than the choice of a traveling companion.
10.Call your mom and dad once in a while.A time will come when you will want your own grown-up,busy,hyper-successful children to call you.Also,remember who paid your tuition to Princeton.
Well,those are my 10suggestions.They‘re probably worth exactly what you paid for them.But they come from someone who shares your affection for this great institution and who wishes you the best for the future.
Congratulations,graduates.Give’em hell.
译文参考
给他们点颜色看看
——本·伯南克在普林斯顿大学的演讲
我真的难以相信,我已经离开校园奔赴华盛顿就任11年了,这种重返普林斯顿的感觉真的很不错。近期我向校方咨询了我的教职问题,回信开头称:“很遗憾,普林斯顿收到很多更有才华的学者的求职信,而我们的教职是有限的。”
我将在稍后的时间献上对各位毕业生的美好祝福,因为首先我要恭喜在座的家长们。身为父母,我知道在这年头能供孩子读完大学是多么的不容易,数年前,我一个同事的3个孩子毕业于普林斯顿,尽管他们夫妻都不毕业于此,他们夫妇俩对此深感自豪,而且他们理应感到自豪,但我的同事常说,从财政角度讲,这如同每年买辆卡迪拉克,然后开车坠入悬崖。但是他总会补充说,如果再让他重新选择的话,他还会毫不犹豫地选择重新来过。所以,感谢你们的努力,母亲们,父亲们及家人们。
这里确实是适合毕业演讲的场所,我认为,在这个讲台上,任何杰出的精神领袖们都受过“十诫”的教诲,我却没有那样的信心。无论无何,觊觎邻居的牛马已不是目前的问题,所以今天的前几分钟我将提出“十个建议”,或称之为对这个世界和你们毕业后生活的十个观察结论。请注意,这十点与利率毫无关系。我之所以有资格提出这些建议或观察,除了是因为普林斯顿校长的善意邀请外,还有一个理由就如同你们讨厌的兄弟姐妹可以晚睡是一个道理:我比你们更年长。以下均是经受过生活考验的经验之谈,但以往的经历并不能确保未来的结果。
1、诗人罗伯特·彭斯曾经提到过:“老鼠和人所订的最周详的计划都往往会出错。”更有另一位当代的哲学家——阿甘曾讲到人生和巧克力的相似性,你无法得知你下一块巧克力的味道。他们都是正确的。人生确实难以预料,一个22岁的人,如果说他能知道自己10年后,甚至30年后自己的状况,我只能说他或她缺乏想象力。看看我吧,12年前我一心在亚力山大会堂专注教经济学入门课程,想着编造什么理由不去参加教学会议,结果我却接到了那个电话。如果你不相信阿甘的见解,我可以给出一条更加具体的建议作为佐证。如果你有机会与毕业25年、30年或40年的校友交谈,或找那些游行队列领头的人聊聊,问问他们在毕业前,预计到自己的今天会如何吗?如果能使他们敞开心扉,他们将告诉你,他们对生活中的满意或不满意,他们的人生故事里经历过的高潮和低谷。但我敢打赌,他们的人生故事都会或多或少的在各个方面与预期相异。这是好事而不是坏事,谁想在故事的开篇就知道结局呢?不要害怕让故事层层展开。
2、我们的人生受到偶然性和各种看似微小的决定和无足轻重的行动影响,这是否意味着不需要规划和奋斗呢?当然不是。无论未来人生如何,它将是一个宏大和漫长的项目,是你个人的发展过程。你的家人、朋友和你在普林斯顿接受的教育都已经为你造就了良好的开端,你将如何利用它?你是否会不断学习、竭力思索、对至关重要的问题持批判态度?你是否会成为情感上更强大、更大度、更有爱心、更道德的人?你会更积极、更建设性地参与世事吗?你的人生会有很多故事,快乐的及不太快乐的。不过我要转述我就读伍德罗·威尔逊学院时的一句格言:“人在何处,心就在何处”。如果你不为自己感到快乐,就连最伟大的成就也不会让你感到满足。
3、成功的概念让我考虑所谓的精英主义及其含义。有人告诉我们,精英制度和社会是公平的。姑且不论没有哪个国家,包括我们美国,是真正意义上的完全精英体系。精英体系可能比其他体系更加公平和高效。但就某些意义上讲,它真的公平吗?想想吧。精英是在健康和基因上最幸运的人,他们在家庭支持、鼓励上,或在收入上也是最幸运的,他们在教育和就业机遇上也最幸运,他们在很多方面都最幸运,这才能获得最大的成就。这种精英体系,哪怕是一个仅为推定的精英体系,要让其承受道德议论,被认作是公平的,那要看这些精英是否有尽义务努力工作、致力于建设更好的世界,并与他人分享幸运。我将引用路加福音的话(我相信我的拉比会原谅我处于正当理由对新约圣经的引用),“因为多给谁,就向谁多取,多麻烦谁,就向谁多要。”有点像曲线评分。
4、谁值得尊重?路加福音的这条训诫,同样在很多道德和哲学观点中获得了认可和发扬,对此问题同样也有帮助。最令人敬佩的人是那些充分利用其优势,或勇敢面对逆境的人。我想我们会认同,那些虽然接受的正式教育不多,但诚实劳动、勤勉为家人提供衣食和教育的人,相比更多表面上很成功的人更值得尊重,和他们喝两杯是更有趣的事情。社会学在我看来不过是喝喝啤酒而已。
5、提到社会学,我想我也应该讲一下政治学。就政治而言,我一直以来很喜欢丽丽·汤姆林的话,我在此转述一下:“我尝试过愤世嫉俗,但是总是坚持不下去。”我们有时也有这种感觉,事实上,在华盛顿待了近11年的我,经常会有此感。最终愤世嫉俗是批判性思考和建设性行动的更糟糕的替代品。当然,利益、金钱和意识形态都有影响力,如你在政治课上所学。但我的感受是大部分政界人士,大都在寻求做正确的事情,这是由他们的观点和意识决定。如果你认为华盛顿的政策通常没有好的结果,是应为他们的动机不良,那你就太高看那些政界的人士了。在复杂及难于处理的问题上犯错是正常的,其实糟糕结果的主要原因,而非不良动机。因此,华盛顿最有影响力的是观念和想法,以及准备将此观念和想法付诸行动的人。据我观察,公共服务并不轻松,如果你选择了这一道路,那是值得的,并颇具挑战性。
6、之前我讲的社会学和政治学,下面不妨我再讲一下我总打交道的经济学。经济学是颇具诡辩性的思维领域,它擅长向决策者进行准确的解释,为何他们过去制定的决策是错的。但在预测未来时,它能做的就不多了。然而,谨慎的经济分析确有重要益处,它能去除那些不合逻辑或与数据不符的想法,这对90%的经济政策建议有影响。
7、我不会告诉你们金钱无用,反正你们也不会听的。事实上,对全球很多人来说,不夸张的说,金钱能够决定生存还是死亡。但如果你属于那些幸运、有能力进行抉择的少数人,请记住,金钱只是途径,而非最终目标。因为钱,而不是因为爱好或者是追求卓越而做出职业选择,这也会成为日后苦恼的根源。
8、没有人希望失败,但失败是生活和学习的一部分。如果你衣衫整齐,那就说明你并没有进入比赛。
9、之前我讲到了不可预知的未来中对个人成功的定义,我希望你们在这一过程中,你们能够选择一位亲密的伴侣。在做出这个选择时,要记住外表美只是人类演化的一种方式,它使我们确信对方体内没有肠道寄生虫。不要误解我,我也为美丽、浪漫和性感所吸引,不然美国影视业和广告业怎么生存下去呢?但尽管重要,这些却不是寻找人生伴侣时唯一需要考虑的事情。你们将共同走过人生旅程,需要的是相互支持和关爱。作为一个已经结婚35年的人士来说,我想象不到比选择人生伴侣更重要的事情。
10、时不时给父母去个电话。你早晚也会有那么一天,你希望自己长大成人的、工作繁忙的、超级成功的孩子给你来个电话。你们要谨记,是谁供养你上的大学。
好了,这就是我的十条建议,或许你们觉得这些建议的价值,如同你花在他们上面的成本一样一文不值。但是这些是来自于同你们一样对这所大学有深厚感情的,并且愿你们未来能交好运的人。
最后,毕业生们,给他们点颜色看看。
·Life is amazingly unpredictable.
人生确实难以预料。
·Those life stories will in almost all cases be quite different,in large and small ways,from what they expected when they started out.This is a good thing,not a bad thing;who wants to know the end of a story that’s only in its early chapters?Don‘t be afraid to let the drama play out.
他们的人生故事都会或多或少的在各个方面与预期相异。这是好事而不是坏事,谁想在故事的开篇就知道结局呢?不要害怕让故事层层展开。
·Whatever life may have in store for you,each of you has a grand,lifelong project,and that is the development of yourself as a human being.
无论未来人生如何,它将是一个宏大和漫长的项目,是你个人的发展过程。
·A meritocracy is a system in which the people who are the luckiest in their health and genetic endowment;luckiest in terms of family support,encouragement,and,probably,income;luckiest in their educational and career opportunities;and luckiest in so many other ways difficult to enumerate-these are the folks who reap the largest rewards.
精英是在健康和基因上最幸运的人,他们在家庭支持、鼓励上,或在收入上也是最幸运的,他们在教育和就业机遇上也最幸运,他们在很多方面都最幸运,这才能获得最大的成就。
·The only way for even a putative meritocracy to hope to pass ethical muster,to be considered fair,is if those who are the luckiest in all of those respects also have the greatest responsibility to work hard,to contribute to the betterment of the world,and to share their luck with others.
这种精英体系,哪怕是一个仅为推定的精英体系要让其承受得了道德议论被认作是公平的,要看这些精英是否尽义务去努力工作、致力于建设更好的世界,并与他人分享幸运。
·Those most worthy of admiration are those who have made the best use of their advantages or,alternatively,coped most courageously with their adversities.
最令人敬佩的人是那些充分利用其优势,或勇敢面对逆境的人
·Honest error in the face of complex and possibly intractable problems is a far more important source of bad results than are bad motives.
在复杂及难于处理的问题上犯错是正常的,其实糟糕结果的主要原因,而非不良动机。
·Economics is a highly sophisticated field of thought that is superb at explaining to policymakers precisely why the choices they made in the past were wrong.
经济学是颇具诡辩性的思维领域,它擅长向决策者进行准确的解释,为何他们过去制定的决策是错的。
·However,careful economic analysis does have one important benefit,which is that it can help kill ideas that are completely logically inconsistent or wildly at variance with the data.
然而,谨慎的经济分析确有重要益处,它能去除那些不合逻辑或与数据不符的想法。
·if you are part of the lucky minority with the ability to choose,remember that money is a means,not an end.A career decision based only on money and not on love of the work or a desire to make a difference is a recipe for unhappiness.
如果你属于那些幸运得有能力进行抉择的少数人,请记住,金钱只是途径,而非最终目标。钱不是因为爱好或者是追求卓越而做出的职业选择,这也成为日后苦恼的根源。
·Nobody likes to fail but failure is an essential part of life and of learning.If your uniform isn’t dirty,you haven‘t been in the game.
没有人希望失败,但失败是生活和学习的一部分。如果你衣衫整齐,那就说明你并没有进入比赛。
文化采撷
美国联邦储备局(FED)
美国联邦储备局(Federal Reserve System——FED)为美国最高货币政策主管机关,负责保管商业银行准备金、对商业银行贷款及发行联邦储备券。FED共分三层组织,最高为理事会,旗下是12个联邦储备银行和各储备银行的会员银行。美联储是私有制银行,全部股份为私人所有。
联邦储备局的历史发展进程:
·1791年至1811年美国第一银行
·1811年至1816年美国中央银行
·1816年至1836年美国第二银行
·1837年至1862年自由银行时代
·1846年至1921年独立的财政制度
·1863年至1913年国家银行
·1913年至今美国联邦储备局
美联储历任主席,令人惊叹的是几乎全部是犹太人。
聚合中文网 阅读好时光 www.juhezwn.com
小提示:漏章、缺章、错字过多试试导航栏右上角的源