Captain Pantoja and the Special Service was my fourth novel. I wrote it in 1972 in Barcelona, Spain, where I was living at the time. It is a book I am very fond of because writing it was a great change for me. It was for me the discovery of humor in literature. Although I have always liked humor in life, until then I was very suspicious of humor in literature. I had a great mistrust of humor in literature because I thought, quite wrongly of course, that humor was incompatible with a literature committed to serious problems, that you could not use humor in a novel or in a poem or in a play whose goal was to deal with serious social, political, or historical problems.
I probably had this idea against humor because of Sartre and the French existentialists, who had a great influence on me during my university years. I think Sartre was a great thinker, but he was totally humorless in his writing, in his ideas. Maybe this mistrust of humor is something I unconsciously adopted while reading Sartre. Humor does not really appear in my first three novels, but if it appears, it appears in spite of myself, spontaneously.
When I wrote the novel Captain Pantoja and the Special Service, called Pantaleón y las visitadoras in Spanish, I found out that there are some stories you cannot tell in a serious way without mortally endangering them, that for some kind of material, some types of stories, humor is a necessity, the only way in which you can make these stories persuasive. But it took me some time to discover this fact, which is so obvious to most writers and readers of literature.
The trip I made through the Amazon region of Peru in 1958 was very important to me because it was probably the most fertile trip I have ever made as far as my work is concerned. Some of my experiences during that trip have proved to be excellent raw material for my writing; and as I mentioned earlier, my second novel, The Green House, was, in a way, born out of that journey. One of the things we discovered in the small villages where we stopped was that there was great resentment on the part of the civilians, the peasants of those villages, toward the soldiers of the military garrisons. The villagers were enraged because the soldiers were always bothering the women in the villages, especially on Sundays when they had permission to go to the villages and constantly followed the women. So great was the villagers' fury that they sent letters of protest to the authorities.
That was one part of a story; the second part I would discover six years later when I returned to the same region and followed the same route. I had finished my second novel, The Green House, and I went there because I wanted to verify that I had not idealized the region too much in the novel. In the second journey, I discovered the second part of that story about the soldiers and the civilians in these small villages in the jungle. The civilians were still very angry at the soldiers of the garrisons, but now for a different reason. Now they were angry because they considered that the military had a privilege, that the military discriminated against them. And this privilege was something called El Servicio de Visitadoras, which can be translated as "The Service of Visitors." What was this service? It was a special service created by the army to send prostitutes to the military garrisons, and the civilians saw these women who came from Iquitos and from other important cities in the jungle in air force hydroplanes and in navy ships. They saw how these women went directly to the garrisons, stayed there a few days, and then went back to Iquitos, without stopping in the villages. They considered themselves victims of discrimination, which was really unacceptable.
By creating El Servicio de Visitadoras, the army solved one problem but created another. After having discovered this story, I started to think about the way in which the army had to proceed to create, to organize this special service of the visitadoras. As I had been a student in a military school and knew more or less the internal mechanisms of the army, its bureaucratic system, I began to speculate about how this special service was created.
I thought to myself that when the army decided to organize this service, it probably had to choose an officer and charge him with this mission. And how did the army choose this officer? First, it had to decide from which branch of the army he would be selected — artillery, infantry, cavalry. The most appropriate branch of the army was administration, logistics. The authorities probably had many discussions about what qualifications an officer of this kind should have so as to be able to take charge of this delicate task, and they must have reviewed the records of all available officers to find the most correct, austere, and sober one, one with great organizational skills. I decided to write a story about this officer, this man who one day suddenly received this extraordinary mission to organize a special service for the garrisons of the Amazon region.
As I had done in my previous novels, I intended to write a serious novel. Not for one moment did I have the idea of writing a humorous book. But very soon I discovered it was impossible, it was totally incompatible with the story I wanted to write to tell it in a serious way. I was constantly pushed by the material itself toward humor, toward comedy, toward grotesque or ironic or sardonic situations. It was in this practical way that I discovered that humor was in some cases a necessity, that only with humor could you create a story persuasive enough to be believed.
Thus I corrected my own feelings about the importance of humor in serious literature. This discovery was refreshing, and I wrote the book with great enthusiasm and without experiencing the difficulties and pain I always had in my previous novels or in those I wrote after Captain Pantoja. This novel is the only one I wrote easily. It is the only novel on which I could work many hours a day without experiencing fatigue or anguish, laughing at the same time I was writing, being amused at what was happening, at what I was telling. It was the only time that I did not feel that I was facing a difficult task, which had always been the case with everything I had previously written. I suppose the reason was that I discovered something new, and this was a refreshing experience, to have to deal with humor as a new toy.
It is difficult for me to explain why some experiences encourage me to write about or to fantasize about them and why so many other experiences fail to leave any traces in my literary work. I suppose the reason is that the experiences that are literarily fertile touch an essential aspect of my personality, something about which I am not conscious. I suppose there is a dark aspect of my personality that is deeply affected by a certain kind of experience; and then I have this urge, this impulse to fantasize about it, using that experience as a point of departure. It is true that there is an unpredictability about my work, and it intrigues me. There are constant aspects in what I have written, but there is also great diversity. But these things have not been planned. I did not write, let us say, a thriller like Who Killed Palomino Molero? because I thought, "Well, now, I'm going to try a thriller." No, it was because I had an idea for a story. I thought for a long time what kind of form to use for that story in order to give it more consistency and persuasiveness. Little by little I discovered that the detective story could be a form not for writing another detective story, but, as in the case of this dead language in Pantaleón Pantoja, to try an experiment, to try to use the structure and technique usually adopted by thriller writers to tell a different kind of story, to tell a story in which the discovery of the murder is not the essential aspect of the novel but just an accident in a novel that has another goal.
The story of the book is, of course, the story of this captain, Pantaleón Pantoja. To begin with, the name is comic; it alludes to Pantalone, the prototype character of the Italian commedia dell'arte. The story tells how this perfect officer, a model of a bureaucratic officer, very sober in his family life, and really the incarnation of the disciplined, obedient, and efficient officer, is one day called by his superiors and asked to organize this service without implicating the army in what he was doing. This service is presented to him as a secret operation, and he complies with his instructions.
But he manages to organize this service so efficiently and so cleverly that it develops into one of the most perfect and viable branches of the military organization. This, of course, starts to create new problems for the army. The service becomes a public institution and provokes the envy and resentment of the civilian population. Besides, trouble starts inside the service.
The story also tells how this institution changes Pantaleón Pantoja's personal life, how this man is so totally immersed in what he is doing that he develops a kind of chameleon psychology. To be more efficient in what he is doing, he adopts a kind of biological commitment to his work, so that in his personal life he becomes a kind of great cafiche, an exploiter of women, a manager of women. His personal life is totally infected, contaminated by his mission; thus in this sense he is the perfect bureaucrat of our times, totally consumed by the function he is performing, to such an extreme that he becomes just a living manifestation of this function. He organizes his personal life in such a way that it can complement and help what he does in the organization of the special service.
Little by little, the character becomes a fanatic who, in order to realize his mission, in order to implement his mission, is ready to sacrifice everything — his personal life, his family, and even the army, even this institution he loves above all else. He is so obsessed with the mission he has to accomplish that he becomes blind to everything else. We have in Spanish this proverb, La rama que no deja ver el bosque. I do not know that there is an English equivalent for it: "You can't see the forest for the trees." I think that is the definition of the perfect bureaucrat, the bureaucratic mind concentrated on some aspect of the world that makes him oblivious to what is happening outside the special, private parcel of that world. This situation can produce extraordinary deeds but also extraordinary catastrophes. That is true of Pantaleón. He creates an extraordinary, efficient and well-organized service, but to do that he also creates terrible problems for society, for the army, and for himself.
When I was writing Captain Pantoja, I went back to a part of the Amazon region, to Iquitos, the most important Peruvian city in the Amazon. I stayed there for a few days. I wanted to go into a military garrison. I wanted to know the place the women "visitors" left from when they went to the garrisons, to talk about military things, to have some idea about how the special service was organized. While I was in Iquitos, I learned that an extraordinary character had recently passed through the city, a popular preacher, someone called Hermano Francisco, Brother Francisco. He was of Brazilian origin, apparently. He had been there a few days and was very successful in his preaching. There were still some people there wearing white habits who were his followers, who had planted a big cross near a lake on the outskirts of the city, where twenty-four hours a day you could see a group of Brother Francisco's followers praying.
Many stories circulated in the city about the secret practices of this sect. Although I did not pay much attention to these stories when I was in the city because I was first of all doing research for my novel about the "visitadoras," when I left Iquitos and returned to Spain, I found I had been unconsciously considering this sect as something similar or equivalent to what Captain Pantoja was trying to build. It was then that I had the idea to counterpoint the story of the special service created by the army with the story of a religious sect that follows more or less the same path created by Pantaleón Pantoja.
I do not know whether at the beginning I had the idea that the reason for this linkage between these two institutions was that the leaders of both, in spite of the great distance between the service of prostitution and a religious sect, had in fact many things in common. First of all is this fanatical, personal vision of something, of a parcel of an activity that can push men to destruction. And that is what happened in the novel. Pantaleón Pantoja creates his service more or less at the same time that Brother Francisco, the crazy preacher, creates this fraternity, or sect, called Los Hermanos del Arca, the Ark Brotherhood. Both institutions developed and reached a kind of apogee and then declined after having been responsible for many catastrophes, including the personal catastrophe of both leaders.
In spite of the fact that, from a formal and superficial point of view, Captain Pantoja and the Special Service is a comic work because there are repeated comic situations and comic episodes, I think it is a very serious book. It is about the bureaucratic deformation of the mind, which I think is one of the major contemporary problems in all societies, industrialized or underdeveloped. The book deals with the problem of how specialization in life's activities can create this kind of deformation of the mind. In order to fulfill his task in an efficient and perfect way, a person finds himself secluded in a position in which he cannot see how what he does can have tragic and catastrophic repercussions and consequences in other areas or activities of society.
In establishing a separate, fictional reality, a writer of contemporary literature often uses a more debased reality than is found in real reality. But what is essential is coherence and persuasive force in that reality, which can be totally unrealistic, totally separate from our living experience. After reading certain literary works and then returning to our own real world and comparing them, we say, "This is so impossible, this is so far away from what is real." But in spite of this reaction, those books are really there and are convincing and have given me something that permits me to understand better what real life is. The major achievement for a writer is his ability to present a convincing world, a world that has only thin and remote links with real reality, a world totally born out of a profound rejection of real reality. It is true of some imaginary writers, such as Borges. The world he created is a great rejection of what real life is, of what the real world is. The real world was something unacceptable to him and he created this other world, where there are only ideas, knowledge, curiosities that deal with the intellect and in which all the material aspects of life — sex, for instance — are totally abolished, suppressed. But in spite of the fact that this world is separate from reality, it is so powerful and created with such intelligence and with such literary skill that it is totally persuasive when we read it. I doubt that Borges could have written a novel with this rejection of real reality because it would have become too artificial to be persuasive. But in a short story this can happen.
Clearly, what works well in one form does not always work well in another. My novel Pantaleón y las visitadoras was made into a terrible film. I do not think you can establish a norm between good books and film. Some books have been made into marvelous films, and some have been destroyed by films. The great Spanish moviemaker Luis Buñuel once told me something about this relationship that I always remember. He said that only bad novels make good films. So I have never chosen a good novel to make a film; all the novels that I have adapted to film are bad novels. It is very difficult to transform a good novel into film, but in some cases it is successful. For example, I think Orson Welles made marvelous adaptations, but he did so by taking many liberties, changing everything because cinema has its own language. To tell a story with images is quite different from telling a story with words. So you must be totally free to adapt, to change, to introduce new elements. The cinema is, like the novel, one aspect of fiction. In a film, as in a novel, you create a fiction that becomes a separate reality that must be persuasive and convincing.
As I mentioned earlier, I have never thought of form and technique in the novel as something dissociated from the story and the characters, that for me the form, which is of course essential in literature and in art in general, is always something that becomes linked to the story and is a kind of creation to make that story more convincing and persuasive. But I have to correct this statement a little bit because when I thought about writing this novel, I already had an idea of a structure for the story. I had the idea to write a story that would be only one conversation, one dialogue, a very long dialogue and a dialogue of course with distinct characteristics. My idea was not to have a realistic dialogue, but one that could be called a plural dialogue, a dialogue not limited by considerations of time and space. The dialogue could be moved freely back and forth in time, take the reader from the present to the future to the past, and then back to the present in one movement, without stops, without giving the reader the opportunity to adapt himself rationally to these shifts in time. The dialogue could also move freely from one place to another and return to the same place. I had the idea that this dialogue, in which the whole story would be concentrated, would be persuasive if from the very beginning the reader was immersed within the system in which the dialogue was constructed.
My concern was that this kind of dialogue might give the reader the impression of artificiality, of something very remote from what real life is. To overcome this problem I decided to introduce the reader to this system of dialogue little by little, in such a way that he would become accustomed to the liberties taken with time and space so slowly that he would not react critically to these movements and shifts in the story.
In the draft version of the novel, the work was only what I have just described, just one dialogue, in which the characters enter or exit and in which the story moves from one place to another and from one time to another, not following chronology, nor trying to follow a realistic displacement in space, but following only literary impulses. For instance, a character could enter the dialogue directly because he was remembered by one of the other characters who was speaking. Two characters could be talking and one of them mentions another character with whom he had a conversation a few days or weeks before. This recollection would immediately draw that character from the past and from another place into the dialogue without lengthy explanation. This shift would enable him to be perfectly integrated into the dialogue, which would then move to the past and to another place. In other cases, the dialogue would change, would move geographically because an episode that took place in another region is mentioned or remembered by the characters, and so this would immediately push the dialogue to another place. In still other situations the reasons or the mechanisms to change the evolution of the dialogue would not matter as in the examples I have just mentioned, but form — a word, for instance — used by one of the characters might immediately transfer the dialogue to another dimension or to another episode.
All this had to be established with great subtlety. It was important not to force this mechanism because I was conscious of the fact that if the reader had the impression of a pure exercise, of formal innovation, he would disbelieve what was being told in the story. I had to work out very carefully all these movements of the dialogue from one place to another or from one time to another. This aspect of the writing of the book was particularly exciting for me. I enjoyed dealing with this formal aspect of the creation of a dialogue, in which a realistic story (the story of Pantaleón Pantoja) was told in an unrealistic way, in a literary, imaginary, artificial way.
At the same time I had another idea. Ever since I wrote my first story, I have been concerned with something that every writer of short stories or novels has to deal with. This is el lenguaje muerto (dead language), which is always present in a novel. Unlike poetry, in which from the first word to the last you are placed in a world of extraordinary sensibility and delicacy or dynamism, a novel or a short story is a text in which it is impossible to be intense and creative all the time and to sustain vitality and dynamism in the language. When you tell a story, the moments of intensity must be supported by episodes that are purely informative, that give the reader essential information for understanding what is going on. The writer must resign himself to using a great deal of dead language for this purpose. I was bothered by this situation and asked myself why is it not possible in a novel, as in a poem, to use only intense, rich, creative language? How can I deal with this purely informative aspect of a novel, in which nothing important is happening, nothing is deeply felt by the characters, nothing is really creative? All one is left with is dead language in which, for instance, the narrator tells who is talking or where the conversation takes place.
The deadest language in a novel is the language that is inserted in the acotaciones. Here is a sentence that will explain what I mean. "'Do you love me?' said Jane, crossing her long legs." All the words beginning with "said Jane" are called the acotación in Spanish. It is a piece of information the narrator gives the reader to explain who is speaking, where she is speaking and what she is doing when speaking. Maybe that she has long legs has some interest; but in general in a novel or short story, the text that comes between the dashes (we use the dash in Spanish; I do not think you use this dash in English) is dead language, purely informative language in which you rarely introduce something new, creative, or important. If you use much dialogue in a novel or short story, you have to face this problem. How to give or use this necessary information in such a way that the language can be less pedestrian, or terre à terre?
I had this idea, or this temptation, to write a story in which the acotaciones could be used so that this text would become as important for the realization of the novel as the essential part of the dialogue, in which what is really important is established or mentioned.
I had many ideas, and what I finally accomplished did not come suddenly or easily but was the result of a long process. In the end, what I did was this. I used the acotaciones to present all necessary description in the novel. Again, the novel was just a conversation in which the characters speak among themselves in a plural dialogue without limitations of space and time. But the narrator uses the acotaciones to introduce not only information about who is speaking and where but also to give much more information about the place, about the time, about what other people are doing at the moment or before or after, as well as introduce all the necessary background of the story — that is, social, economic, and political descriptions of the country and society.
I had the idea that by this device the dead language would be less dead, would be more alive in the story, that this could change the very nature of the acotaciones. And that is finally what I did in Captain Pantoja and the Special Service. I used this mechanism in a very slow rhythm in order to familiarize the reader with this system. The system was divided into two different formulas. One was to move the dialogue freely in space and time; the other, to introduce inside the dialogue, as part of the dialogue itself, all the information that is usually separated from the dialogue in the conventional or normal novel. Now here I need to explain something, to say something parenthetically about time.
Time is an essential aspect of fiction that gives it a separate identity, a personality that is different from the real reality. For obvious reasons time in a novel is never like time in real life. This is true even in the most realistic novel, in the novel that succeeds in imitating life. In a novel, time always has a beginning and an end. It never flows as it does in real life. In a novel, because you have to tell how different characters are acting or moving or thinking, you are obliged to stop in order to differentiate the characters, actions, and episodes. Thus you are forced to break the movement that time has in reality, and so you are always introducing an artificial time in a novel. This artificial time always occurs in the modern novel, in which authors are much more self-conscious of what they do with the creation of time structures than in the classical novels of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, when novelists did not really care about these problems in a theoretical way. They did not think about the creation of different structures, the structures of reality. Probably many classical novelists were convinced that when they wrote their novels they were imitating reality, not only in the words they used, but also in the creation of time movements in the stories.
In fact, in any novel, when you investigate how time evolves, how the story flows, you discover that there is a creation, a time structure, that is in most cases a distinctive quality of each author, of each fictitious work. An essential aspect of the originality of a novelist, a narrator, is the way in which he creates these time structures in his work. In Faulkner's novels, for example, time has been created with great care and extraordinary skill so that it functions in the creation of atmosphere, in the creation of the ambiguities and subtleties of the story. The way in which the narrator moves in time and the way in which the action of the novel goes back and forth in time are essential to the realization of the story. The manipulation of time occurs in all novels. In some, it is more obvious; in many others, it is almost invisible. And so if you search for the time structure in a novel, you will discover that it is one of the aspects of the novel's originality and also one of the aspects in which all novels differ from and remain at a distance from the model, which is reality, real reality.
In Captain Pantoja and the Special Service you have to think of time as something similar to space. Time has a quality that is material, exactly as does space. Time is something that exists, with a beginning and an end, and also with a material quality, with a material nature; thus the narrator can move the story in time in the same way that he moves the story in space. The story can move freely from the past to the future and from the future to the past because time is there like space, in which nothing is lost, nothing has vanished. Time is there. The past is like the future or like the present, a stage to which you can move back anytime you wish. If time has this spatial quality, this territorial quality, you can fragment time, you can divide it, giving it the structure of a biological being, of a biological entity. In my plays these time structures are also exceedingly important. In at least one play, the time structures become the essence of the whole work, what the work is about. I think it started with Captain Pantoja, for it was when I wrote that book that I became fascinated with this formal possibility. One of the reasons why literature is important is that it gives us an instrument with which to understand time. In real life time is something that devours us, is something that does not give us the necessary perspective to understand how this time in which we are immersed flows; and so we do not have perspective, we do not have the necessary distance to understand really what is happening. Therefore, we need artificial order for understanding time.
One of the major contributions of literature in our lives is that it establishes an artificial order of the world, of time, of space, of the living experience. Particularly the great works, the masterworks of literature, are instruments that permit us to adapt ourselves to this vorágine, to this vortex that real life is, that real living experience is. When you explore the possibilities of creating a time structure in a story, you are not only doing something that is an artificial achievement and the achievement of a formal skill, the mastery of language, or the mastery of techniques to hypnotize the reader. You are also creating an instrument through which we can better understand how daily experience, living experience, is happening in reality. And so this fascination with time, which is a distinct characteristic of modern literature, is not gratuitous, not artificial. It is a way of reacting to a reality in which we feel ourselves — particularly in contemporary societies — totally lost. We are becoming so insignificant, so minor in this extraordinary and impersonal world, which is the world of modern societies, that we need a way to place ourselves in it. This artificial organization that literature gives to life is something that helps us in real life to feel less lost and confused.
Again, in modern literature time and structure are something about which writers are very conscious, unlike classical novelists. Cervantes or Dickens or Hawthorne probably never thought about the creation of a time structure in a novel, but that does not mean they did not create time structures, and very complex and original ones, in their novels. For the classical novelists, creation of time structures came about in a spontaneous way, by instinct, by intuition. They thought they were dealing with moral problems, for instance; they thought that moral problems were really the essential problems in a novel. But at the same time, in a practical way, they were dealing with the same problems as the contemporary novelist. When you write a story you have to create a structure, a different structure in the eighteenth century than in the twentieth. But you need a structure, you need to use the language in such a way that the story can be convincing to the reader. You must use some tricks, some techniques, give some facts while you hide others, in order to create a literary structure. The classic novelists were not aware of these requirements, or at least they did not use a language that gave evidence of their awareness. The first novelist in the nineteenth century who became conscious of these purely formal and technical problems of the novel was Flaubert. With Flaubert the novel appeared for the first time not only as a moral task or the creation of a story but also as a purely technical problem, the problem of the creation of a convincing language and the organization of time and also the problem of the function of the narrator in the novel. In the past, probably very few writers were concerned about the techniques and form of the novel as something dissociated from the story itself.
You can do what I have done in Captain Pantoja and the Secret Service — use the acotaciones of the novel to give the reader information periodically that enlightens him about the context of what is going on in the dialogue. In the novel this is done, as I said, very slowly. At the beginning, the dialogue has the same realistic appearance as a conventional work. Pantaleón talks with his wife, explaining that he has an appointment with his superiors in which he will receive a new mission, and his wife is very excited with the prospect of staying in the capital, in Lima. The information given by the narrator in the "acotaciones" is sparse, specific, and concrete.
But little by little this material starts to change. In the dialogue more and more information is introduced in the "acotaciones," and the reader slowly becomes accustomed to seeing in these explanatory comments of the narrator a source of information that gradually becomes dissociated from what is going on in the dialogue among the characters. For instance, when the system is developed to its maximum possibility, a dialogue may start in which one character asks another: "Do you love me?" Then the reader is given information about who is speaking, what he did before he started to speak, and what he will do before this conversation will have finished. For instance, he will take a plane and go from Iquitos to Lima, to the capital, and in the capital he will have three meetings with three different generals to whom he will explain what he is doing in Iquitos. Then he will take another plane and return to Iquitos and will kiss his wife. Then this phrase, which started here, will finish.
At that moment in the novel the reader is supposed to be so familiar with the system that he will not feel shocked or disconnected because he is, by now, accustomed to move in time and space, not for chronological, rational, or realistic reasons, but only for the literary necessities of the story. He will be totally accustomed to move in this world as in a different world, a world that has nothing to do with the real world, a world that has its own mechanisms, its own reasons, its own nature.
This treatment of time and space was another aspect of this novel that was especially exciting for me because it was an experiment that explored a possibility of the narrative form to an extreme. I have perspective enough to know that when I started this I had already tried unconsciously to use this kind of time structure in my previous novel. When I discussed my first novel, The Time of the Hero, I mentioned the dialogue at the end of the novel in which for the first time I used these "vasos comunicantes" in this way. Mixed in with one dialogue was a second dialogue that was held in a different place and in a different time. The two dialogues were interwoven, without the reader being given any explanation.
I think that this structure of Captain Pantoja is an evolution from something I started to do when I wrote my first novel, at least fifteen years before. The difference is that when I wrote Captain Pantoja I was totally conscious of what I was doing with time. In my first novel this use of time was more nearly spontaneous than a conscious decision. As I mentioned earlier, in the draft my idea was that this plural dialogue would be the total structure of the novel; but when I finished the draft of the second version, I felt that it was not convincing. I felt that this structure, only a dialogue with these explanatory comments introduced within the dialogue, was not sufficient to create the impression of totality that is essential in a novel if it is going to succeed in giving the reader the impression of a total, self-sufficient world. I felt that something was lacking there, and so I introduced other chapters, chapters that alternate with the dialogues, chapters in which I also used dead language, that is, language made not with creative words but with stereotypes or clichés.
Even as a young boy, I was fascinated with popular genres, popular artistic genres — soap operas, comics, "novelas por entregas," that is, serial novels. What is characteristic of these popular genres is the stereotypes, the images or the language used in a stereotypical way, not in a creative way. There is nothing original; on the contrary, the authors of these popular genres resort to the stereotype, to the cliché, because that is what the popular genre is about. I have always had the temptation, even years before I wrote Captain Pantoja, to use some forms of popular genres, but creatively, using these stereotypes so as to rejuvenate them, revitalize them, by giving them a different function without destroying their nature as stereotypes.
That is what I did in the alternate chapters of Captain Pantoja. I introduced documents, for instance the military reports that Pantaleón writes to his superiors explaining what is going on in the service he is organizing. This is dead language, of course; it is the language of stereotypes. I remember very well in military school all those incredible documents we had to write or read. The language was so stereotyped that it gave you an idea of something totally disconnected from what real life is. For instance, I always remember the first chapter of the rules of an officer: "Las órdenes deben ser obedecidas sin dudas ni murmuraciones" (Orders must be obeyed without questioning or verbal complaints). That is what I mean by stereotyped language or dead language. All such documents have stereotyped language.
What Captain Pantoja is talking about in these reports is so far removed from the usual subject matter of reports of this kind that the language assumes a different function and a different meaning. In his reports, Pantoja talks to his superiors using all these clichés, all these tricks of language generally used to discuss military maneuvers or logistics problems of a battalion. To talk about prostitutes and how they are performing creates a kind of contradiction that, I hoped, might give this dead language a new personality, a new vitality, a dynamism. The chapters in which these documents are exposed to the reader without any explanation from the narrator are the most humorous episodes in the novel.
Other documents are used, for instance journalistic texts, some articles apparently from a local newspaper, in which the problems that the Special Service provoked in the civilian population are described. Also used are scripts from a radio broadcaster in Iquitos who likes to exaggerate, a kind of tropical journalist, very primitive, who is really an incarnation of the stereotypical mind, a mind that moves only among stereotypes, totally incapable of saying or creating anything original. But my hope was that in the context of the novel this dead language could change its nature and become literary language.
From the point of view of the novel, literary language is any language that has the capacity to take the reader from real reality and move him to a fictitious reality, to a separate reality. Any kind of language that has the ability to do that is a literary language. Establishing and using a literary language is the goal of the novel, what the novel must achieve in order to be a novel. The characteristics of literary language cannot be specified because any kind of language can perform these functions if the writer has the ability to use it well. You can use a sophisticated language or a plain language; in some cases you can use stereotyped language or a creative language; you can be baroque or simple; you can use humor. You can use any kind of language, but always in a context in which there is total coherence. That is essential in a novel. Also essential in a novel is a purpose that goes beyond the purely formal. You can be a formalist, someone who is fascinated with experimentation in language or in structure; but if this experiment is your main concern, you will not create a truly separate reality. Concern for language or structure must be subordinated to a purpose, which is this creation of a different society. That is the reason why in many cases contemporary experimental literature fails to produce great literature. For instance, the "nouveau roman" in France. It was an interesting movement. Its writers created new forms and techniques, but these elements were their only concerns. It seems to me that they have not really produced one masterwork. The nouveau roman is vanishing because it is purely formal. Literature, in spite of the fact that it is always formal, cannot be only form because in the end it becomes dead language.
As you can see, in spite of the fact that it is a humorous and comic novel, Captain Pantoja and the Special Service is also an experimental book, a book in which I consciously experimented with form. I think it is probably the book in which I have been most conscious of form, of the purely technical aspects of the creation of the novel. Of course, form is essential and form is what takes much of your time when you write a novel. But in most cases an author deals with form incidentally, more by intuition than by rational decision. My rational decision to experiment and explore the possibilities of form in Captain Pantoja has not always been understood by critics, who have devoted much more attention, for instance, to the technical aspects of my other books and have given Captain Pantoja more the character of just light entertainment. This is not so. In Captain Pantoja I worked as much as in my other books and probably tried harder to experiment and accomplish something creatively in the purely technical or formal aspect of the story.
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